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Parkin and Bade's text Economics gives the following definition of the business cycle: 在帕金和巴德的经济学教材中，对商业周期给出了以下定义： "The business cycle is the periodic but irregular up-and-down movements in economic activity, measured by fluctuations in real GDP and other macroeconomic variables." “商业周期是经济活动的周期性但不规则的上下波动，以实际GDP和其他宏观经济变量的波动来衡量。” | 
