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Inks, paints, pigments, and dyes have come from the natural world for centuries. 数百年来，墨水、颜料、涂料和染料都来源于自然界。 During the Renaissance, the gemstone lapis lazuli was ground down to make rich ultramarine blues and cochineal insects were used to make deep red pigments (and still are); minerals like copper and lead were used in green paint; and carbon-derived soot and charcoal were responsible for black ink (and guess what, petrochemicals still are). 在文艺复兴时期，天青石被磨制成鲜艳的深蓝色颜料，胭脂虫被制成深红色颜料（现在依然如此）；铜和铅等矿物质被制成绿色颜料；而黑墨水则是用由碳衍生的烟煤和炭制成的（你猜怎么着，目前我们依然用石油化工产品制造颜料）。 Pigment was bound together with a binder like linseed oil or egg yolk to make paint. 用颜料和亚麻籽油或蛋黄等粘合剂可以制成油漆。 Chemical innovations in the nineteenth century produced the likes of viridian green, cadmium orange, and chrome yellow. 19世纪在化学品上的创新产生了诸如翠绿、海螺红和铬黄色的颜料。 As you might be able to tell from even just this short list, toxicity varied. Letterpress inks followed a similar trajectory, and moved away from the paint-like inks of Gutenberg’s letterpress toward chemical and synthetic inks in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. | 
