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二、细节理解题干扰项特点 题型突破 1．答非所问。命题者设置的答案是原文信息，但不是题干要求的内容。 2．符合常识。选项符合常识，但不是文章内容或题干要求的内容。 3．添枝加叶。命题者把原文的信息扩大或缩小，使选项内容超过文章的范围。 4．捏造事实。命题者根据原文内容编造信息组成干扰项。 题型突破 5．偷梁换柱。命题者采用原文中的句子结构和大部分的词汇，但换置几个词曲解文章原意。 6．因果等同。命题者故意把结果说成原因或把原因说成结果。 专项训练 题型突破 阅读理解练习 Imagine Sally and Anne having a drink in a bar.While Sally is in the bathroom，Anne decides to buy another drink，but she notices that Sally has left her phone on the table.Anne puts the phone into her friend's bag before heading to the bar so that no one steals it.When Sally returns，where will she expect to see her phone? 题型突破 If you said she'd look at the table where she left it，congratulations! You have a “theory of mind” — the ability to understand that another person may have knowledge，ideas and beliefs that differ from your own，or from reality. This ability may not seem special but it involves doing something no other animal can: ignoring our own beliefs about the world — that the phone is in the bag — and take on an alternative world view. The “theory of mind” was first developed in the 1970s，when it was discovered that at around the age of four， children develop this ability.The standard way to test a child's “theory of mind” is called the Sally－Anne test.It involves acting out the events described earlier，only with puppets and a missing ball. When asked，“When Sally returns，where will she look for the ball？” most three－year－olds say she'll look in the new spot，where Anne has placed it.The child knows the ball's location，so they cannot imagine that Sally would think it was anywhere else. 题型突破 But around the age of four，that changes.Most four and five－year－olds realize that Sally will expect the ball to be just where she left it. For over two decades that was the dogma，but the idea has been challenged by new research that indicated “theory of mind” is present in babies just 15 months old. Such young children cannot answer questions about where they expect Sally to look for the ball，but you can tell what they're thinking by how long they stare: babies look for longer at things they find surprising. 题型突破 When Sally searched for the ball in a place she should not have expected to find it，the babies did stare for longer.In other words，they seemed to understand that people can have false beliefs. 1．The author told the story about Sally and Anne in the bar in order to ________． A．test how clever the readers are B．explain how adults solve problems C．introduce the concept of “theory of mind” D．show the difference between facts and beliefs 题型突破 2．Which of the following is true about the classic Sally－Anne test? A．It concluded that children developed the theory of mind around four. B．It showed children were confused by the Sally－and Anne test. C．It found that three－year－old children didn't know how to lie. D．It proved that 4－year－olds were smarter than 3－year－olds. 题型突破 3．According to the passage，“the theory of mind” has been ________． A．universally accepted B．criticized by the scientists C．clearly proven to be wrong D．challenged by some researchers 4．When babies who can't talk are given the Sally－Anne test，why did they stare? A．They were surprised about where Sally was looking for the ball. 题型突破 B．They were happy to know that Sally was unable to find the ball. C．They were confused by the fact that Sally couldn't find the ball. D．They were interested in where Sally was looking for the ball. 5．The passage includes the following contents EXCEPT ________． A．new findings opposing the classic Sally－Anne test B．how different adults and children are 题型突破 C．how the Sally－Anne test is done D．what the “theory of mind” is 题型突破 1．解析：写作意图题。第一段用假设性情境引出话题，是为了介绍“theory of mind”这个概念。 答案：C 2．解析：细节理解题。从第四段“when it was discovered that at around the age of four，children develop this ability.”可知选A。 答案：A 3．解析：细节理解题。从倒数第三段的“but the idea has been challenged by new research that indicated ‘theory of mind’ is present in babies just 15 months old.”可知选D。 答案：D | 
