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时态 一、目标 本章要求学生掌握中学阶段常用的八种时态, 即：一般现在时, 一般过去时, 一般将来时, 现在进行时, 现在完成时, 过去完成时, 过去进行时, 过去将来时。 要求掌握时态的意义、各种时态的动词形式、与各种时态连用的时间状语以及一些时态的特殊意义。 二、重点及难点 八种时态的意义；现在完成时与一般过去时的区别；点性动词与线性动词；时态一致性。 三、方法 1．Do you know something about “tense”? 你知道“时态”是什么吗？ 2．You are right. For example： I'm working.我正在工作。 I worked yesterday.我昨天工作。 I will work.我将要工作。 How many tenses have you learned ? 你们学了几种时态？ 3．Now let's have a discussion on every tense. 现在咱们分别讨论每个时态。 I think the present indefinite tense is the easiest tense of all． Do you know what it means ? 我想一般现在时是所有时态中最容易的, 你知道它的含义吗？ 4．What's the form of the verb ? 谓语动词形式是什么样的？ 5．Very good ! Do you know how to use “am, is, are”? Here's a saying: （I）我用 am（you）你用 are, is连着他、她、它。单数名词用is, 复数名词全用are。 Can you learn it by heart ? 你知道行为动词第三人称怎么变化吗？ 6．Do you know what sound“s” or“es” makes ? 你知道“s”或“es”怎么发音吗？ 你应当记住“清—清, 浊—浊, 元—浊”。现在我解释一下： 清—清 即：“s”或“es”之前的音素如 果是清辅音的话, “s”或“es”读作［K］（清）。 浊—浊 指“s”或“es”之前的音素如果是浊辅音的话, 则“s”或“es”读作［L］（浊）。 元—浊 如果“s”“es”之前是元音音素, 则它读作［L］（浊）。 你能想出几个例子吗？ 7．一般现在时表示经常性动作或状态外, 常与什么副词连用呢？ 8．一般现在时除表示经常性动作或状态外, 还有其他用法。它能表示将来时, 但它是有条件的, 这个条件有两种情况：A．是在条件状语从句中, 如果主句是一般将来时或一般现在时。B．是表示计划、打算、有规律动作。你能想出几个例子吗？ 9．I think you have known something about the present indefinite tense. But I have one more point to tell you. That is：Sometimes the present indefinite tense is used in the object clause when the past indefinte tense is used in the main sentence, Can you show me an example？ 10．So much for the present indefinite tense. Let's come to the present continuous tense. Do you know the form of the verb when it is used as the present continuous tense？ 11．You are right. Then what kind of adverbial is used？ 那么用什么状语呢？ 12．现在进行时有一个特殊的意义, 它可以表示将来发生的动作。但是这些动词必须是表示位置移动的单词。例如：go, come, start, leave 等。 Would you please give me two sentences？ 13．Very good. Now shall we talk about the future indefinite tense？This kind of tense refers to an action that is going to happen in the future. Would you please say more？ 14．一般将来时除去will do结构外, 还有其他结构, 也可表示将来时, 但注意这些结构有其他意义在里边。如： be going to do…表示动作将要发生, 表示主观打算。 be to do表示安排、计划好的动作, 表示命令、可能等意义。 be about to do…表示眼下即将发生…… Can you make some sentences？ 15．The past indefinite tense expresses an action happened in the past. It's usually used with the adverbials such as yesterday, last month（ year, week）, the day before yesterday, … ago, in 1968 etc.它的谓语动词形式是什么样的呢？ 16．Now let's come to the present perfect tense. In this tense, the action also happened in the past, but the action has something to do with“now”. 现在完成时动作发生在过去, 但它对现在有影响。谓语动词的形式为have done, done代表过去分词。have还有一种变化, 即has。has用于第三人称单数, 其他人称用have, 请你给出几个现在完成时的句子。 17．请你根据刚才的句子, 归纳一下现在完成时有几种含义？ 18．现在完成时的这两种含义非常重要, 要认真领会。这里引出了两个概念：延续性动词与非延续性动词。即：点性动词与线性动词。所谓点性动词就是不能延续的动词；线性动词就是可以延续的动词。延续性动词用于现在完成时的第二种用法, 点性动词用于第一种用法。 19．点点结合, 线线结合是完成时中一个重要原则, 这个问题往往是学生容易出错的地方。请把下列句子的错误改正过来： A．He has come for 3 hours. B．The girl has waited since two years. C．The old man has died for ten years. D．I have bought the book for two months. 20．那么，在英语中，同一种意思，既有点性动词，又有线性动词的实例很多。Now would you please show the continuous verbs of the following ? A．join the army B．join the Party C．come back D．borrow a book E．buy a book F． leave G．go out H．die I．open J．begin K． arrive 21．在完成时的句子中, 同一种意思可以有几种英语表达方法。如： 我入团已经5年了。有以下几种表达方式： A．I have been a League member for 5 years. B．It's five years since I joined the League. I joined the League 5 years ago. I have been a League member since 5 years ago. Now I give you some sentences and please try to express the same meaning in other ways. A．He has been here for 2 hours. B．They've been away since 1960. C．The film has been on for one hour. 22．Now let's do some other exercises. Fill in the blanks with the proper forms of verbs. A．I ____ （lose）my pen. She ____ （ lose） her pen yesterday. B．I ____ （be）to the Agricultural Exhibition. I ____ （go） to the Agricultural Exhibition last week. C．The car ____ （stop）. The car ____ （stop） just now. D．A： ____ you ____ your lunch ? B：Yes, I ____ . A：When ____ you ____ it ? B：I ____ it about half an hour ago. 23．Now let me say something about “have been to” and“have gone to”. have been to 意思是“去过”。 have gone to 意思是“去了”。 请翻译下列各句： A．我去海南四次了。 B．他已经去南方了。 C．你去过东京吗？ D．小李已经去办公室了。 你可以去那儿找他。 E．你去哪儿了？ F．他去哪儿了？ 24．通过练习，对现在完成时和过去时有了足够的认识, 你能说出它们的异同点吗？ 25．Very good !Here's a drawing to show the difference between the present perfect tense and the past indefinite tense. e．g．He was a student in the past. e．g． He has been a student for 2 years. 26．现在来谈谈对比时态问题。所谓对比时态是指两个动作同时存在, 但有时间前后。这样的时态有过去将来时、过去完成时。 27．过去完成时也可跟另一个时间进行对比, 含义仍然是到过去某个时间为止, 如它与 by the end of…, by the time when… 例如： A．They had completed the program by the end of the last year. B．The train had left by the time when we arrived at the station. 28．You are right. The present continuous tense expresses an action happening at a present moment or during a present period of time, while the past continuous tense refers to the past. e．g．My daughter was reviewing her lessons at eight last night. What were you doing while I was watching TV ? Students 1．I think“tense” is a certain form of a verb. It changes according to the time of the action. 我想“时态”是动词的某种形式, 它随动作的时间而发生变化。 2．We have learned eight tenses. They are： the present indefinite tense, the past indefinite tense, the future indefinite tense, the present continuous tense, the present perfect tense, the past continuous tense, the past perfect tense and the future-in-the-past indefinite tense. 我们学习了：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时和过去将来时。 3．一般现在时表示经常性动作或状态、过去、现在以及将来一直进行的动作或存在的状态。 4．一般现在时, 谓语动词要随主语人称而变化。be动词有三种变化形式, 即am, is, are；行为动词有两种变化形式, 即：原形和第三人称单数。 5．行为动词第三人称有以下几种变化形式： A．动词后面直接加“s”, 如works, plays, learns。 B．以［K］［CM］, ［DN］,［M］,［L］ 结尾的单词, 词尾加“es”, 如果词尾有“e”, 则只加“s”, 如：misses, finishes, teaches, loses。 C．如词尾以辅音字母+y结尾, 应变y为“i”, 再加“es”, 如： flies, carries。 D．特殊情况：go和do词尾加“es”。 6．啊！我明白了, 像 works, 由于 s之前是k, 读作［E］, 是清辅音, 所以s读作［K］；又如：learns s之前是浊辅音［Q］, 所以它读作浊辅音［L］； plays s之前由于是ay字母组合, 读作元音音素［-!］, 所以s读作［L］这叫做“元—浊”。 7．与一般现在时连用的时间状语有：often, usually, sometimes, always, seldom, twice a week, every day… 8． A．If it is fine tomorrow, I will go out for a picnic. （条件状语从句中一般现在时表示将来） B．When they leave school, they will go back to the factory.（时间状语从句一般现在时表示将来） C．The train starts at ten o'clock in the morning. （计划, 有规律的动作表示将来） 9．Yes, I can. Here's a sentence. The teacher said that the sun rises in the east. Here“rises”is the present indefinite tense. This tense is used because it happens regularly. 因为动作是有规律地发生。 10．The form of the verb is“be doing”, and“be”can be changeable. For example：am, is, are. I think the present continuous tense expresses an action happening at present time or during present period of time. For example： He is reading a book now. We are learning BookⅡthis week. 11．现在进行时与 now, at the present, this year（week, month）等时间状语连用。 12． A．He is coming to see me tomorrow. 明天他要来看我。 B．They are leaving Shanghai for Beijing.他们要离开上海去北京。 13．OK ! The future indefinite tense is connected with the future time, such as, tomorrow, next week（year, month）, the day after tomorrow, from now on, in a month （year） etc. 它的动词结构是will do 有时第一人称单复数用shall do。 14．Yes, I can. A．We are going to help the farmers on the Red Star Farm. 我们打算去红星农场帮助农民们。 B．The boys are to go to school next week. 这些男孩们下周要上学了。 C．We are about to leave, so there is no time to visit him now. 我们就要离开了, 所以现在没有时间去看他了。 15．一般过去时, 谓语动词的形式应该用过去时。即：原形动词后加ed, 还有一些特殊形式的动词。如：go----went, see----saw, do----did, read----read, give----gave, sit----sat。 我想特殊动词要特殊记忆。 16．我清楚了, 现在完成时谓语动词形式have done, 可以这样理解：have是“变量”；done是“常量”。 A．We have cleaned the room now. 我们现在已经打扫了房间。 B．He has cleaned the room now. 他现在已经打扫了房间。 C．They have been here for 3 hours. 他们在这儿呆了3个小时了。 D．The professor has worked in this university since 1969． 教授自从1969年就在这所大学里工作。 17．我想有两种含义： 一种是动作发生在过去, 动作不延续, 但对现在有结果和影响。如句子A、B表示打扫房间的动作发生在过去, 但强调的是现在房间已经干净了。 另一种是动作从过去开始一直延续到现在, 对现在有结果和影响, 如句子C、D。 18．点性动词应当与点性时间状语连用, 线性动词与线性时间状语连用。点性时间状语有：now, today, already, just, before, never, ever, always, yet等, 线性时间状语有for…, since…等。 19．A句中应当把come改为 been here, come为点性动词, for为线性时间状语。 B句有两种改法，一是将since改为for, 意思是“已经等了两年了”。另一种是在two years之后加ago, 意思是“自从两年前就开始等, 一直等到现在。” C句将 died改为 been dead, 因为 for ten years是线性时间状语, die为点性动词, 不能延续, 而 be dead是线性动词, 可与 for短语连用。 D．将 bought改为 kept或 had。 buy为点性动词, have（keep）为线性动词。 20．Let me have a try． join the army----serve in the army join the Party----be a Party member come back----be back borrow a book----keep a book buy a book----have a book leave----be away go out----be out die----be dead open----be open begin----be on arrive----be here A．He has been here since two hours ago. It's two hours since he came. He came here two hours ago. B．They went away in 1960. They have been away for 40 years. It's 40 years since they went away. C．The film began an hour ago. It's one hour since the film began. The film has been on since one hour ago. 21．A．He has been here since two hours ago. It's two hours since he came. He came here two hours ago. B．They went away in 1960. They have been away for 40 years. It's 40 years since they went away. C．The film began an hour ago. It's one hour since the film began. The film has been on since an hour ago. 22． A．have lost； lost B．have been； went C．has stopped； stopped D．Have… had have did… have had 23． A．I have been to Hainan four times. B．He has gone to the South. C．Have you ever been to Tokyo ? D．Xiao Li has been to his office. You can find him there. E．Where have you been ? F． Where has he gone ? 24．在我看来，它们的相同之处是动作都发生在过去，它们的不同点是现在完成时的动作对现在有影响，而过去时对现在没有影响。 25．图A表示动作发生在过去，处于静止状态, 而图B表示动作发生在过去，但它指向现在，对现在有结果和影响，最后强调的是现在。 26．当主句动作发生在过去，从句动作发生在它之后，这时从句谓语用过去将来时。如： I said that I would go to that island. “said”在前，相对它来讲，would go在后。 可当一个动作发生在过去而另一个动作发生在它之前, 那么这个动作则要用过去完成时。如： I said that I had finished the composition. said发生在过去, had finished在它之前发生, 称之为过去的过去。 27．现在我明白啦！过去完成时和过去将来时只有在与另一个过去的动作进行对比的情况下才能存在。所以把这两种时态叫对比时态。 老师，我有一个问题，过去进行时是指过去某一时刻或过去某一段时间正在进行的动作吗？ 四、精选题 选择填空： 1．----Can I join your club, Dad？ [ ] ----You can when you ____ a bit older.（'94） A．get B．will get C．are getting D．will have got 2．----I'm sorry to keep you waiting.（'94） [ ] ----Oh, not at all. I ____ here only a few minutes. A．have been B．had been C．was D．will be 3．I don't really work here；I ____ until the new secretary arrives.（'94） [ ] A．just help out B．have just helped out C．am just helping out D．will just help out 4．I need one more stamp before my collection ____ . [ ] A．has completed B．completes C．has been completed D．is completed 5．I first met Lisa three years ago．She ____ at a radio shop at the time.（'97） [ ] A．has worked B．was working C．had been working D．had worked 6．----Is this raincoat yours？ [ ] ----No, mine ____ there behind the door.（'97） A．is hanging B．has hung C．hangs D．hung 7．----Nancy is not coming tonight. [ ] ----But she ____ ！（'98） A．has written B．wrote C．had written D．was writing 8．Shirley ____ a book about China last year but I don't know whether she has finished it.（'98） [ ] A．has written B．wrote C．had written D．was writing 9．----Hi, Tracy, you look tired. [ ] ----I am tired. I ____ the living room all day.（'98） A．painted B．had painted C．have been painting D．have painted 10． The price ____ , but I doubt whether it will remain so.（'99） [ ] A．went down B．will go down C．has gone down D．was going down 11．----Bob has gone to California. I hear. [ ] ----Oh. I wonder when he ____ .（'96海淀） A．has left B．leaves C．left D．was leaving 12．----Have you got your test result ? [ ] ----Not yet. The papers ____ .（'96海淀） A．are not correcting B．have not corrected C．are still being corrected D．have already been corrected 13．----Why weren't you at the meeting ? [ ] ----I ____ for a long----distance call from my father in Australia.（'99西城） A．waited B．was waiting C．had waited D．have been waited 14．The telephone ____ four times in the last hour, and each time it ____ for my roommate.（'99西城） [ ] A．has rung; was B．has been ringing; is C．had rung; was D．rang; has been 15． Two million tons of oil ____ exploited in this area that year.（'99西城） [ ] A．was B．has been C．were D．have been 16．----What time ____ Tom tomorrow？ [ ] ----At 3：00 p．m．（'99西城） A．do you meet B．will you meet C．would you meet D．are you meeting 17． That was not a good place to go skating. You ____ your leg. [ ] A．can break B．could break C．could have broken D．could have been broken 18．---- ____ the sports meet might be put off. [ ] ----Yes, it all depends on the weather. A．I've been told B．I've told C．I'm told D．I told 19．----Your phone number again？ I ____ quite catch it. [ ] ----It's 9568442． A．didn't B．couldn't C．don't D．can't 20． As she ____ the newspaper, Granny ____ asleep. [ ] A．read; was falling B．was reading; fell C．was reading; was falling D．read; fell 21．I don't think Jim saw me; he ____ into space. [ ] A．just stared B．was just staring C．has just stared D．had just stared 22．----Who is Jerry Cooper？ [ ] ---- ____ ? I saw gou shaking hands with him at the meeting. A．Don't you meet him yet B．Hadn't you met him yet C．Didn't you meet him yet D．Haven't you met him yet 用所给动词的正确形式填空： 1． I'm afraid I can't get in all the wheat within such a short time unless you ____ to help me tomorrow.（come） 2． They left for Beijing last week and we ____ then so far.（not hear） 3．When we reached the airport, we were surprised to find that Uncle's plane ____ . （land） 4．I ____ he had finished his work.（think） 5．We ____ the problem for quite some time, but we any conclusion yet.（discuss, not reach） 6．He said this book would be published if the writer ____ .（agree） 7．John works very hard. In fact, I think he ____ right now.（study） 8．The little boy didn't see me, he ____ a golden fish in a basin.（watch） 9．I have to make a quick phone call. Can you wait a few moments ? It ____ long.（not take） 10．They ____ themselves on the beach when the train ____ .（enjoy, come） 答案： 选择填空： 1～5 AACDB 6～10 ABDCC 11～15 CCBAC 16～20 BBAAB 21～22 BD 用所给动词的正确形式填空： 1．come 主句用将来时, 从句用一般现在时表示将来。 2．haven't heard so far与现在完成时连用。 3．had landed 在 reached之前发生, 故用过去完成时。 4．thought 5．have been discussing, haven't reached 讨论从过去开始一直到现在, 但是到目前仍没有结论。 6．agreed 主句是过去时, 从句动作受它影响。 7． is studying 8．was watching 没有看到我, 那时正观看金鱼。 9．won't take 10．were enjoying, came |
