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40. Through the study of instruments, as well as painting, written documents, and so on, we can explore the movement of music from the Near East to China over a thousand years ago, or we can outline the spread of Near Eastern influence to Europe that resulted in the development of most of the instruments in the symphony orchestra. [参考译文]通过对图片、文字记载以及乐器等的研究，我们可以了解一千多年以前近东音乐传入中国的情况，也可以勒出近东音乐的影响波及欧洲并导致交响乐的大部分乐器发展和演变的大致轮廓。 41. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another, is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for something which is in inadequate supply. [参考译文]战争冲突与竞争不同，前者可以定义为社会实体之间彼此对立的抗争，后者可定义为各个实体在单独获取供应不足的物资时所产生的对抗。 42. Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise that in the struggle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survive. [参考译文]许多作家根据动物世界为生存而进行的斗争中具有适者生存的规律这一点，论证战争是不可避免的。 43. As Dr. Samuel Johnson said in different ear about ladies preaching, the surprising thing about computers is not that they think less well than a man, but that they think at all. | 
