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69. It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe _________. A) rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of students B) punishment is more effective than rewarding C) failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standards D) discouraging the students anticipation for easy rewards is a matter of urgency 70. The phrase token economies probably refers to _________. A) ways to develop economy B) systems of rewarding students C) approaches to solving problems D) methods of improving performance Questions 66 to 70 are based on the following passage: Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others. 注：1.opposing 相反的 2.插入语 from warm praise to cold cash 用来解释 external rewards | 
