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Section C Directions:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there arefour choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice andmark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2with a single line through the centre. Passage One Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage. There was a time not long ago when new science Ph.D.s in the United States were expected to pursue a career path in academia .But today, most graduates end up working outside academia, not only in industry but also in careers such as science policy, communications, and patent law. Partly this is a result of how bleak the academic job market is, but theres also a rising awareness of career options that Ph.D. scientists havent trained for directly but for which they have useful knowledge, skills, and experience. Still, theres a huge disconnect between the way we currently train scientists and the actual employment opportunities available for them, and an urgent need for dramatic improvements in training programs to help close the gap. One critical step that could help to drive change would be to require Ph.D. students and postdoctoral scientists to follow an individual development plan . In 2002 the U.S. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology recommended that every postdoctoral researcher put together an IDP m consultation with an adviser. Since then, several academic institutions have begun to require IDPsforpostdocs And in June, the U.S. National Institutes of Health Biomedical Research Workforce Working Group recommended that the NIH require IDPs for the approximately 32,000 postdoctoral researchers they support.Other funding agencies, public and private, are moving in a similar direction. | 
