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篇章阅读18：认知与学习 To say that the child leams by imitation and that the way to teach is to set a good example oversimplifies. No child imitates every action he sees. Sometimes, the example the parent wants him to follow is ignored while he takes over contrary patterns from some other example. Therefore we must tum to a more subtle theory than Monkey see. monkey do . Look at it from the childs point of view.Here he is in a new situation,lacking a ready response. He is seeking a response which will gain certain ends.If he lacks a ready response for the situation, and cannot reason out what to do.he observes a model who seems able to get the right result. The child looks for an authority or expert who can show what to do. There is a second element at work in this situation. The child may be able to attain his immediate goal only io find that his method brings criticism from people who observe him. When shouting across the house achieves his immediate end of delivering a message. be is told emphatically that such a racket is unpleasant, that he should walk into the next room and say his say quietly. Thus. the desire to solve any objective situation is overlaid with the desire to solve it properly. One of the early things the child leams is that he gets more affection and approval when his parents like his response. Then other adults award some actions and criticize others. If one is to maintain the support of others and his own self-respect, he must adopt responses his social group approves. | 
