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SAMPLE 11 [历史学] 题目序号 题型归类 第1题 中心主旨题型 第2题 审题定位题型 第3题 审题定位题型 第4题 标点符号题型 第5题 写作手法题型 Traditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focalpointsperiods, countries, dramatic events, and great leaders. It also has hadclear and firm notions of scholarly procedure: how one inquires into ahistorical problem, how one presents and documents ones findings, what constitutesadmissible and adequate proof. Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to therevolution that is taking place in historical studies. The currentlyfashionable subjects come directly from the sociology catalog: childhood, work,leisure. The new subjects are accompanied by new methods. Where history oncewas primarily narrative, it is now entirely analytic. The old questions What happened? and How did it happen? have given way to the question Why did it happen? Prominent among the methods usedto answer the question Why is psychoanalysis, and its use has given rise to psychohistory. Psychohistory does not merely use psychological explanations inhistorical contexts. Historians have always used such explanations when theywere appropriate and when there was sufficient evidence for them. But thispragmatic use of psychology is not what psychohistorians intend. They arecommitted, not just to psychology in general, but to Freudian psychoanalysis.This commitment precludes a commitment to history as historians have alwaysunderstood it. Psychohistory derives its facts not from history, the detailedrecords of events and their consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individualswho made history, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance intheir lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends history. It deniesthe basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publiclyaccessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians. And it violates thebasic tenet of historical method: that historians be alert to the negativeinstances that would refute their theses. Psychohistorians, convinced of theabsolute rightness of their own theories, are also convinced that theirs is thedeepest explanation of any event, thatother explanations fall short of the truth. | 
