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和现在分词及短语一样，过去分词（past participles）或过去分词短语（past participial phrases）也可以充当副词，修饰谓语动词。 过去分词短语可以表达下列四种意思： ㈠方法或活动方式，如： ● He walked up and down, lost in thought. ● I sat before the desk until after mid-night, absorbed in writing. ● Surrounded by a host of fans, the film star left the airport excitedly. ㈡原因，如： ● Greatly disappointed, some staff decided to leave the place. ● Taken by surprise, the enemy surrendered. ㈢时间，如： ● Born and bred in a turbulent age, the older generation of people experienced all sorts of hardships. ● Thrown to the floor, the boy regained his footing a few minutes later. ㈣条件，如： ● Given more time, the slow learners would have done better. ● Criticised by someone else, Tony would not have flared up like that. 除了直接修饰动词之外，过去分词或短语也可以和连词合组成短语，表示下列四种意思： ⒈由 when, whenever, while, until 等连词引导，表示 时间，如： ● When asked about his previous job, Bill said he had been a motor mechanic. | 
