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S是个简单的英文字母，可以加在可数复数名词后面，也可以用在简单现在时态动词的后面，以表示主语是单数第三人称。例如： ① He walks to school every day. ② Mary gets up early every morning. ③ That woman often talks loudly. 除了把单数名词变成复数名词以及表示单数第三人称之外，s 还出现在某些单字上，使它和没有s的字呈现出两个不同语义：beside和besides便是个好例子。 Beside是在旁边的意思：besides是除此之外的意思。两者都是介词，但后者也是个副词。有些人把这两个字等同起来，互相对换，这是大错特错的；因此，④和⑤不对，要改为 ⑥和⑦。 ④ Susan is sitting besides me. ⑤ Beside dancing, the children also sang. ⑥ Susan is sitting beside me. ⑦ Besides dancing, the children also sang. 一般上说，beside在句子后半部出现，如： ⑧ Some people prefer living beside the sea. ⑨ The small boy is standing beside his mother. Besides的位置不一；可以在句前，也可在句尾，如： ⑩ Besides being a diligent student, Peter is also a good athlete. 11. I have written some other books on language learning besides this one. | 
