2020-2021学年九年级下册化学鲁教版单元测试AB卷 第八单元 海水中的化学 B卷 能力提
※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：较易<br>同学们玩过“化学扑克”吗?如右图是一张化学扑克,它有一种叫“争上游”的玩法,规则是:上家出牌,下家只能出能与上家所出牌中物质发生反应的牌,依此规则出牌,先出完的为上游最后出完的为下游。在某局牌中,上家出了一张右图的“硝酸”牌,下面是A、B、C、D四位玩家手中都剩下的一张牌,则你认为最后下游的应该是( )。<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/14/AE9EFA8A61FEE4F373079EA32A3A7766.png"><br>A.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/14/C775829CE55DAF412DE9764FB84CF1F2.png"><br>B.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/14/003114145724016AFD13230D37D226A3.png"><br>C.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/14/250E71C4D2096516B5B09341CB054CE8.png"><br>D.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/14/C051BDB511757E572357DC3753A1FA58.png"><br><br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/6e7d51dd72da4546b97fecf046888d98/76900E09FAB5EBA344B8EA84E844FF07.png"><br>解析<br>略<br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：中等<br>为了区分海水和淡水,可以加入下列哪种试剂( )。A.紫色石蕊试液 B.硝酸银溶液<br>C.氢氧化钠溶液 D.酚酞试液<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/89b047f3912240c196d3a2e4409e59f7/76900E09FAB5EBA344B8EA84E844FF07.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/9bac63cb24c74847867e0cbafe79c97b/4BA8C9DFF7E51BD96F57E5F2BC3251C8.png"><br><br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：中等<br>不使用其他试剂,利用物质间两两混合反应将物质区别开(提供的物质可重复使用),也是物质鉴别的常用方法。下面四组物质的溶液利用上述方法可鉴别开的是( )。A.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/13/C332ACF953EB37A2F848571367CE795F.png"><br>B.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/13/8137199FC9DAA97C223A8F07B95DEDFF.png"><br>C.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/13/227226D7AA0156682D8BA9089B86A014.png"><br>D.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/13/3450A65F0CA2FA83AF15AFAABE03D02E.png"><br><br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/ad1637c5ff034a53b17514f26d0d6107/06CA09E70C17EF8BA2D3B8C70D693953.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/c261c0a6f3414513a0922b12d8f9653a/E2A9B721BAE4BBBA05EDB52B91BB2FE5.png"><br><br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：中等<br>海水是一种重要的资源,利用海水可制取镁等物质。有人设计如下实验流程:<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/12/54F9BAB2512218201041B1DFBFAA7850.png"><br>下列说法错误的是( )。A.固体B是<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/12/8608F943BBFDE4AC5F479BF9FAA4E55F.png"><br>,试剂Ⅹ为盐酸<br>B.操作Ⅰ和操作Ⅲ的操作方式完全相同<br>C.加入NaOH溶液应过量,其目的是使<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/12/FF0DA9A4B148982EB7ACD53D232DE73C.png"><br>完全反应<br>D.处理等量海水,若将NaOH溶液换成石灰乳,既能节约成本,又能提高镁的产量<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/f3bb2f1329f047d9865054c66a911b4a/76900E09FAB5EBA344B8EA84E844FF07.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/e790c5809f1e4066be95ebe1f5d338ee/A9775815A60FDFB1DE13D703C9BBF190.png"><br><br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：中等<br>海水淡化可采用膜分离技术,如右下图所示,对淡化膜右侧的海水加压,水分子可以通过淡化膜进入左侧淡水池,而海水中的各种离子不能通过淡化膜,从而得到淡水,对加压后右侧海水成分变化进行分析,正确的是( )。<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/12/C7C78F5E6720C2312E65BCEE2867F608.png"><br>A.溶质质量增加 B.溶液质量不变<br>C.溶剂质量减少 D.溶质质量分数不变<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/00fe36a5368a494c9576ee6614403e26/06CA09E70C17EF8BA2D3B8C70D693953.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/718136241ecc4892bd3eec44935e712c/42D6A01832730A2D5F3A8A65AA307ACE.png"><br><br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：中等<br>关于多金属结核叙述正确的是( )。A.多金属结核是锰结核<br>B.多金属结核是锰的化合物<br>C.锰结核是一种纯净物<br>D.多金属结核在世界上储量很少<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/ad6a640b5123422f84d86de463ea03bb/E7F0EDF83F40244C8F0C84B97471AED6.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/06e9d45ff67841aa98d30906a06c5b08/738D12844D4D7544C2A81056AC0B9D5F.png"><br><br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：中等<br>10℃时,将3g甲、乙两种可溶性固体分别放入盛有10mL水的试管中。两种物质的溶解情况(见图Ⅰ),两种物质的溶解度随温度的变化(见图Ⅱ)。下面对甲、乙两物质的判断,不正确的是( )<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/13/07C77A294510036A4FAA8235271B85BB.png"><br>A.10℃时,甲、乙两物质的溶液都是饱和溶液<br>B.温度升高至25℃时,甲、乙两物质的溶液都是不饱和溶液<br>C.甲物质对应的溶解度曲线为a<br>D.可用降温结晶法分离甲、乙两种物质的混合物<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/ce6e5775a34b4f6f8e1d0defdfe9c9ab/E7F0EDF83F40244C8F0C84B97471AED6.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/ecea8289695c4f96960fdbb80ef4b493/195D19B138CF605046E636B9F3EC6B42.png"><br><br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：中等<br>如图是甲、乙、丙三种固体物质的溶解度曲线。下列说法错误的是( )。<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/14/CF73F4332F913B593A195E4BD5441211.png"><br>A.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/14/F352666A9582A895674022DA169B6B35.png"><br>℃时,向各装有50<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/14/D0452A70D38F27AD42619B8C0CFC62E6.png"><br>水的三个烧杯中,分别加入甲、乙、丙固体各40<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/14/D0452A70D38F27AD42619B8C0CFC62E6.png"><br>,充分搅拌后形成饱和溶液的是乙和丙<br>B.甲中混有少量的乙,提纯甲的常用方法是降温结晶<br>C.在<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/14/04D0BAA4ED6934FF85A17A0DC3CF701B.png"><br>℃时,将接近饱和的丙溶液变为饱和溶液,溶剂的质量可能不变<br>D.将<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/14/F352666A9582A895674022DA169B6B35.png"><br>℃的甲、乙、丙饱和溶液温度降至<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/14/04D0BAA4ED6934FF85A17A0DC3CF701B.png"><br>℃,溶液中溶质的质量分数大小关系为乙=丙>甲<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/dd6a386400534c47b63c4234a3e76144/01A39E48B8A67989A23F6887F26FCC64.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/c6384fe5140446a5b12a592ffa315779/0E35F1F496F72EF68AE504EBBD7A8D83.png"><br><br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：中等<br>关于溶解度说法正确的是( )<br>A.硝酸钾的溶解度为222g/100g水<br>B.溶解度随温度升高而升高<br>C.难溶物质的溶解度为零<br>D.溶解度可以定量的表示物质溶解性的大小<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/caf15791382b4698aed7ef5fdb90e669/01A39E48B8A67989A23F6887F26FCC64.png"><br>解析<br>略<br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：中等<br>将某温度下热的硝酸钾饱和溶液逐渐冷却至室温,下列随时间变化趋势的图像不正确的是( )<br>A.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2020/11/25/B02BB1DE62985349A52008956BE1FA9D.png"><br>B.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2020/11/25/6D4962D426314ECE4BCBF012F616E386.png"><br>C.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2020/11/25/2633C01C9684A5BD7D05302F62901A4C.png"><br>D.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2020/11/25/B8CED7FD6E688CD64FF8BBDA3DB9C8C5.png"><br><br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2020/3955667fa46a47c18178cbf3c885be2f/01A39E48B8A67989A23F6887F26FCC64.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2020/1ff9ecd7d7204e6a9a8afd283709fc97/E77BF4A4B53AFE9127C25D47F115FAF6.png"><br><br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：中等<br>20℃时,将某盐R的溶液蒸发掉10<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/13/D0452A70D38F27AD42619B8C0CFC62E6.png"><br>水,恢复到20℃,在剩余溶液中加入6<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/13/D0452A70D38F27AD42619B8C0CFC62E6.png"><br>R(无水),溶液即达饱和;若将原盐溶液蒸发掉30<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/13/D0452A70D38F27AD42619B8C0CFC62E6.png"><br>水,则只需加入1<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/13/D0452A70D38F27AD42619B8C0CFC62E6.png"><br>R(无水)就可以在20℃达到饱和,20℃时R的溶解度为( )。A.20<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/13/D0452A70D38F27AD42619B8C0CFC62E6.png"><br>B.25<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/13/D0452A70D38F27AD42619B8C0CFC62E6.png"><br>C.30<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/13/D0452A70D38F27AD42619B8C0CFC62E6.png"><br>D.35<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/13/D0452A70D38F27AD42619B8C0CFC62E6.png"><br><br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/61db7d2df83d4befb276fd0315197432/76900E09FAB5EBA344B8EA84E844FF07.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/5b5ee445799e49db9bce902886b88a18/5AEB46BC623AE7A73ED86A75EAFFF565.png"><br><br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：中等<br>粗盐中常含有<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/4/4A6808485F94E30A4E41963341D9E65A.png"><br>及泥沙等杂质,常用下面的流程进行提纯。有下列说法:(1)加入试剂a的顺序可以是过量的<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/4/FC36191549301C2A156A2084670322F1.png"><br>溶液、<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/4/5020518739833AA0F61A620DBB447C84.png"><br>溶液、<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/4/12F5C4AC564AD3765E56094E20CC81FF.png"><br>溶液;(2)加入试剂a后,将混合物过滤,得到的滤渣中一定含有4种不溶物;(3)向溶液Ⅰ中加入的盐酸也可以是过量的;(4)操作b的名称为过滤(5)假设整个操作过程中物质转化无损失,则最后得到的精盐固体中<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/4/167FA22263F566DF8C5FB8D782CB3F9C.png"><br>的质量一定比原粗盐样品中<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/4/167FA22263F566DF8C5FB8D782CB3F9C.png"><br>的质量大。其中说法正确的有( )<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/4/85A099759BCFE4DC2BD4FBBA2A876633.png"><br>A.2个 B.3个 C.4个 D.5个<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/677642ba506241ac8976759b5e35d2b9/E7F0EDF83F40244C8F0C84B97471AED6.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/bb0cb1ab67fa420da692f678feb26a25/B80DEDC022BD27951CE128DB346CEC6E.png"><br><br>※题型：填空题※知识点：填空题※试题难度：中等<br>甲、乙、丙三种物质的溶解度曲线如图所示<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/14/2F9F3AE258AF31FEB9FA908966DCF569.png"><br>1.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/14/91B4A0ED46DA0B03A2A8CF22C0EEF470.png"><br>℃时甲、乙、丙三种物质的溶解度由大到小的顺序为____________;<br>2.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/14/128EEA09B8BDD40D7116405FDB835673.png"><br>℃时乙物质的溶解度为____________<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/14/D0452A70D38F27AD42619B8C0CFC62E6.png"><br>;<br>3.将<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/14/128EEA09B8BDD40D7116405FDB835673.png"><br>℃时180<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/14/D0452A70D38F27AD42619B8C0CFC62E6.png"><br>甲的饱和溶液降温到<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/14/91B4A0ED46DA0B03A2A8CF22C0EEF470.png"><br>℃,析出晶体的质量为____________<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/14/D0452A70D38F27AD42619B8C0CFC62E6.png"><br>,所得的甲溶液的溶质质量分数为____________;<br>4.取等质量的甲、乙、丙三种物质,分别配成<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/14/128EEA09B8BDD40D7116405FDB835673.png"><br>℃时的恰好饱和溶液,所得三种溶液的质量由大到小的顺序为____________。<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/069d591951ef41c28cf8d8db6f33e08b/557354F9E431B79679A19D4E8F6456BA.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/ce138f841c8a4140902981e321eeda5d/15679841B1DFB8C48799280A1FEDCCC6.png"><br><br>※题型：填空题※知识点：填空题※试题难度：中等<br>某实验废液中可能含有<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/13/79752D99FE4046C9BDF218205246DCF0.png"><br>六种离子中的几种。为确定废液中存在的离子,进行了下面实验:<br>①取少量废液,向废液中滴加<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/13/FC36191549301C2A156A2084670322F1.png"><br>溶液,有白色沉淀生成;<br>②另取少量废液,向其中滴加<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/13/12F5C4AC564AD3765E56094E20CC81FF.png"><br>溶液,无明显现象;<br>③再取少量废液,滴加<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/13/C09DD76B9792A4D62AC4145DC76E807C.png"><br>溶液,产生白色沉淀,加稀硝酸后沉淀不溶解。<br>请分析实验后回答:<br>1.废液中一定含有的离子是_______________,可能含有的离子是_______________;<br>2.有同学认为实验③可以省略,理由是_______________。<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/f0b6c100082c4cd48468ee74e1420587/23A9E723F46F1433AB8A065987616567.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/4a89b8a8f20e41678afd822202833d28/2D83DCEFF7DFB698949E0530332CC8BA.png"><br><br>※题型：实验题※知识点：实验题※试题难度：中等<br>淡水资源的缺乏已成为制约社会发展的重要因素,从浩瀚的海洋里获取淡水,对解决淡水危机具有重要意义。<br>某小组<br>针对这一现状,提出问题并在实验室进行了以下探究。<br>【提出问题】<br>_<br>_______________<br>?<br>【实验用品】<br>酒精灯、试管、单孔橡皮塞、玻璃导管、铁架台、烧杯、胶头滴管、海水、硝酸银溶液。<br>【实验过程】<br>①如下图组装仪器并检查装置气密性。<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/12/953F9F76D37A1CCB95EAFBA1DB086DCB.png"><br>②向大试管中加入<br>5~10mL<br>海水,塞好橡皮塞,用酒精灯加热。加热一段时间后,小试管内收集到很少液体,试管口有大量白雾。<br>该小组同学建议对该装置进行改进,你认为改进的措施为<br>_<br>_______________<br>③向小试管里的冷凝水中滴加几滴硝酸银溶液,现象为<br>_<br>_______________<br>【得出结论】<br>通过上述实验探究,你得出的结论是<br>_<br>_______________<br>【反思交流】<br>①对海水淡化后的剩余资源,请提出一种合理利用的措施:<br>_<br>_______________<br>②“蒸馏法淡化海水”的思路是想办法将水从混合物中分离出来。请列举一种与上述原理相同的混合物分离的例子:<br>_<br>_______________<br><br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/14971f63ccd04c90af6090a70dae3c11/B5B360A413760C343526F6237F0F9F21.png"><br>解析<br>略<br>※题型：填空题※知识点：填空题※试题难度：中等<br>海洋是人类于万年来赖以生存的重要资源宝库,图<br>是海水中化学资源的图示,请结合图示回答相关问题。<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/14/06724AD98DC5AB29D1A4AF7AE672797C.png"><br>(<br>)取海水滴加<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/14/C09DD76B9792A4D62AC4145DC76E807C.png"><br>溶液的现象是<br>_<br>____________<br>(<br>)下列有关海水及其开发的说法正确的是<br>_<br>____________<br>a.<br>图<br>中海水所含化学资源都是化合物<br>b.<br>蒸馏法淡化海水是化学变化<br>c.<br>海水资源的开发不需要考虑环境保护问题<br>d<br>.<br>海水中含有<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/14/2D42B0F0835367CB7C9648A92F74BD15.png"><br>(<br>)海水中含有<br>个电子的微粒有<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/14/A582E11B67DDE42E844EAB4FD2279405.png"><br>和<br>_<br>____________<br>(<br>)工业利用海水制取纯碱和轻质<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/14/CB97F321EA96B1B974846388BB36356D.png"><br>的流程图如图<br>,据图回答下列问题。<br>①<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/14/CB97F321EA96B1B974846388BB36356D.png"><br>的名称是<br>_<br>____________<br>②海水晒盐的一系列操作<br>X<br>是蒸发、<br>_<br>____________<br>、<br>过滤;实验室进行操作<br>Y<br>时需使用玻璃棒,其作用是<br>_<br>____________<br>③氨碱法制取纯碱是先制成饱和氨盐水,再不断通入<br>二氧化碳,反应生成碳酸氢钠和氯化铵,析出碳酸氢钠的原因是<br>_<br>____________<br>碳酸氢钠分解生成纯碱的化学方程式是<br>_<br>____________<br>④苦卤<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/14/96CE501138E5834578D6D5E437827781.png"><br>加入纯碱的反应类型是<br>_<br>____________<br>⑤<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/14/F9555ED29776EEE1C2666285B91F8CCD.png"><br>海水中含镁元素的质量是<br>_<br>____________<br>t<br>。生产中实际得到<br>523.6t<br>气体<br>Z<br>,请计算流程中<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/14/CB97F321EA96B1B974846388BB36356D.png"><br>的产率,写出必要的计算过程。(已知:<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/14/A14AA98B601EE9317E3736A153D24D04.png"><br>,“理论上的产物质量”是不考虑损失,且反应物完全反应时的产物质量)<br><br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/e8ffa8de63f741679eeb82985fafea87/1834A239FD2E2009CA3FE19B017E0432.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/be1632e9abce423e8080422e99374cdd/86176ED8EAE607AB53F5C05045728D32.png"><br><br>
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