鲁迅思想
<p>在有关鲁迅思想的研究中，大量的成果集中在“改造国民性”问题上。冯骥才在《收获》上发表的《鲁迅的“功”与“过”》中认为，鲁迅作品的成功之处即在于独特的“国民性批判”，“在鲁迅之前的文学史上，我们还找不到这种先例”，但这不过是“源自１８４０年以来西方传教士”的舶来品，鲁迅从中受到了启发和点拨，却没有看到里面所埋伏着的西方霸权话语。冯骥才进而认为鲁迅没能走出“西方中心主义”和被西方人认作经典的以审丑为主要特征的“东方主义”的磁场。这一度引起了学者们的激烈争鸣。陈漱渝在《由〈收获〉风波引发的思考》和《挑战经典——新时期关于鲁迅的几次论争》中认为，鲁迅改造国民性思想形成过程中，的确受到美国传教士亚瑟·亨·史密斯《中国人气质》一书的影响。然而，“鲁迅展示中国人的丑陋面，并非印证西方侵略者征服东方的合理性和合法性，而是在展示种种丑陋的过程中渗透了作家的忧患意识和否定性评价，使读者在否定性的体验中获得审美愉悦。”黄川在《亚瑟·亨·史密斯与东方主义》中重点分析了“东方主义”一词的含义和史密斯《中国人气质》一书的详细情况，指出冯骥才把“东方主义”加之于鲁迅的头上是“轻率的、不科学的”。</p><p><span word="In">In</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="study">study</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Lu">Lu</span> <span word="Xun">Xun</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="thought">thought</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="lot">lot</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="achievements">achievements</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="focused">focused</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="problem">problem</span> <span word="of">of</span> "<span word="transforming">transforming</span> <span word="national">national</span> <span word="character">character</span>". <span word="In">In</span> <span word="Lu">Lu</span> <span word="Xun">Xun</span>'<span word="s">s</span> "<span word="merits">merits</span>" <span word="and">and</span> "<span word="faults">faults</span>" <span word="published">published</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Feng">Feng</span> <span word="Jicai">Jicai</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="harvest">harvest</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="success">success</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Lu">Lu</span> <span word="Xun">Xun</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="works">works</span> <span word="lies">lies</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="unique">unique</span> "<span word="criticism">criticism</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="national">national</span> <span word="character">character</span>". <span word="We">We</span> <span word="can">can</span>'<span word="t">t</span> <span word="find">find</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="precedent">precedent</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="literary">literary</span> <span word="history">history</span> <span word="before">before</span> <span word="Lu">Lu</span> <span word="Xun">Xun</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="it">it</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="imported">imported</span> <span word="product">product</span> <span word="from">from</span> "<span word="Western">Western</span> <span word="missionaries">missionaries</span> <span word="since">since</span> 1840", <span word="from">from</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="Lu">Lu</span> <span word="Xun">Xun</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="inspired">inspired</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="pointed">pointed</span> <span word="out">out</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="didn">didn</span>'<span word="t">t</span> <span word="We">We</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="see">see</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="western">western</span> <span word="hegemonic">hegemonic</span> <span word="discourse">discourse</span> <span word="lurking">lurking</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="it">it</span>. <span word="Feng">Feng</span> <span word="Jicai">Jicai</span> <span word="went">went</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="think">think</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="Lu">Lu</span> <span word="Xun">Xun</span> <span word="failed">failed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="get">get</span> <span word="rid">rid</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> "<span word="western">western</span> <span word="centralism">centralism</span>" <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> "<span word="Orientalism">Orientalism</span>" <span word="which">which</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="regarded">regarded</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="classic">classic</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="westerners">westerners</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="characterized">characterized</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="judging">judging</span> <span word="ugliness">ugliness</span>. <span word="At">At</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="time">time</span>, <span word="this">this</span> <span word="aroused">aroused</span> <span word="fierce">fierce</span> <span word="contention">contention</span> <span word="among">among</span> <span word="scholars">scholars</span>. <span word="Chen">Chen</span> <span word="Shuyu">Shuyu</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="reflections">reflections</span> <span word="caused">caused</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="storm">storm</span> <span word="of">of</span> "<span word="harvest">harvest</span>" <span word="and">and</span> "<span word="challenging">challenging</span> <span word="Classics">Classics</span>: <span word="several">several</span> <span word="debates">debates</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="Lu">Lu</span> <span word="Xun">Xun</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="era">era</span>", <span word="believes">believes</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="Lu">Lu</span> <span word="Xun">Xun</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="thought">thought</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="transforming">transforming</span> <span word="national">national</span> <span word="character">character</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="indeed">indeed</span> <span word="influenced">influenced</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="book">book</span> "<span word="Chinese">Chinese</span> <span word="temperament">temperament</span>" <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Arthur">Arthur</span> <span word="Heng">Heng</span> <span word="Smith">Smith</span>, <span word="an">an</span> <span word="American">American</span> <span word="missionary">missionary</span>. <span word="However">However</span>, "<span word="Lu">Lu</span> <span word="Xun">Xun</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="display">display</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="ugliness">ugliness</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Chinese">Chinese</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="does">does</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="confirm">confirm</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="rationality">rationality</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="legitimacy">legitimacy</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="western">western</span> <span word="invaders">invaders</span>' <span word="conquest">conquest</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="East">East</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="permeates">permeates</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="writer">writer</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="sense">sense</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="suffering">suffering</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="negative">negative</span> <span word="evaluation">evaluation</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="process">process</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="displaying">displaying</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="kinds">kinds</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="ugliness">ugliness</span>, <span word="so">so</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="readers">readers</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="get">get</span> <span word="aesthetic">aesthetic</span> <span word="pleasure">pleasure</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="negative">negative</span> <span word="experience">experience</span>." <span word="In">In</span> <span word="Arthur">Arthur</span> <span word="Heng">Heng</span> <span word="Smith">Smith</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Orientalism">Orientalism</span>, <span word="Huang">Huang</span> <span word="Chuan">Chuan</span> <span word="analyzed">analyzed</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="meaning">meaning</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Orientalism">Orientalism</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="details">details</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Smith">Smith</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="temperament">temperament</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Chinese">Chinese</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="pointed">pointed</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="Feng">Feng</span> <span word="Jicai">Jicai</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="adding">adding</span> <span word="Orientalism">Orientalism</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="Lu">Lu</span> <span word="Xun">Xun</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="head">head</span> <span word="was">was</span> "<span word="rash">rash</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="unscientific">unscientific</span>".</p>
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