商业周期包括哪几个阶段?
<p><span word="Parkin">Parkin</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Bade">Bade</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="text">text</span> <span word="Economics">Economics</span> <span word="gives">gives</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="following">following</span> <span word="definition">definition</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="business">business</span> <span word="cycle">cycle</span>:</p><p>在帕金和巴德的经济学教材中，对商业周期给出了以下定义：</p><p>"<span word="The">The</span> <span word="business">business</span> <span word="cycle">cycle</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="periodic">periodic</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="irregular">irregular</span> <span word="up">up</span>-<span word="and">and</span>-<span word="down">down</span> <span word="movements">movements</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="economic">economic</span> <span word="activity">activity</span>, <span word="measured">measured</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="fluctuations">fluctuations</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="real">real</span> <span word="GDP">GDP</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="macroeconomic">macroeconomic</span> <span word="variables">variables</span>."</p><p>“商业周期是经济活动的周期性但不规则的上下波动，以实际<span word="GDP">GDP</span>和其他宏观经济变量的波动来衡量。”</p>
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