心理学：有偏见的人反而办事能力更强？
<p>要说明这个问题，就需要讲到我们今天科普的概念：认知偏误（<span word="cognitive">cognitive</span> <span word="bias">bias</span>）</p><p><span word="A">A</span> <span word="cognitive">cognitive</span> <span word="bias">bias</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="systematic">systematic</span> <span word="error">error</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="thinking">thinking</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="impacts">impacts</span> <span word="one">one</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="choices">choices</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="judgments">judgments</span>.</p><p>所谓的认知偏误是人在思考时发生的系统性错误，它会影响人做出的选择和判断。</p><p>作为人类，我们通常都认为自己是理性的。</p><p>然而，事实是我们的大脑经常在我们察觉不到的时候自动对外界做出反应。</p><p>虽然，当我们需要的时候，我们确实能花点力气来自己做决定，但我们思维的大部分还是处在意识控制范围外的。</p><p>诺奖心理学家丹尼尔·卡尼曼在他的书《思考，快与慢》中把这两种模式分别称为系统1和系统2。</p><p><span word="System">System</span> 1 <span word="is">is</span> <span word="fast">fast</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="intuitive">intuitive</span>, <span word="relying">relying</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="mental">mental</span> <span word="shortcuts">shortcuts</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="thinking">thinking</span>—<span word="called">called</span> <span word="heuristics">heuristics</span>—<span word="to">to</span> <span word="navigate">navigate</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="world">world</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="efficiently">efficiently</span>.</p><p>系统1是快速的、直觉性的，它通过依赖一些思维捷径来更高效地应对这个世界；这些捷径的专业名称叫做“启发式”。</p><p><span word="By">By</span> <span word="contrast">contrast</span>, <span word="System">System</span> 2 <span word="is">is</span> <span word="slow">slow</span>, <span word="introducing">introducing</span> <span word="deliberation">deliberation</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="logic">logic</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="thinking">thinking</span>.</p><p>与之相反，系统2带来的是刻意的、逻辑性的思维。</p><p><span word="Both">Both</span> <span word="systems">systems</span> <span word="impact">impact</span> <span word="how">how</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="judgments">judgments</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="System">System</span> 1 <span word="is">is</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="charge">charge</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="majority">majority</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="time">time</span>. <span word="We">We</span> <span word="unconsciously">unconsciously</span> "<span word="prefer">prefer</span>" <span word="System">System</span> 1 <span word="because">because</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="applied">applied</span> <span word="effortlessly">effortlessly</span>.</p>
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