2016届高考英语二轮语法专项复习课件：专题5 动词的时态与语态（新人教版）
<p> 一 二 三 四 五 动词的时态、语态和语气是高考中的重中之重,也是英语句子结构的核心。英语句子的灵动性很大程度上体现在动词的各种变化上。在语法填空和短文改错两个题型中,时态和语态是考查的热点,但是语气问题也不可忽视。在备考过程中应该对谓语动词变化的各种情况都能够了如指掌。 可以预测,由于受到两个题型出题方式的限制,对于动词的时态和语态的考查不会太复杂。同时,语境的重要地位会凸显出来,因此,考生应学会通过上下文来确定所用时态。切记要把握最基本的概念和用法。 二 三 四 一 五 一、考查具有标志词或标志性时间状语的时态 做题时,可通过对时间状语及语境分析作出判断。但有时题干中的时间状语具有干扰性,如<span word="for">for</span>,<span word="now">now</span>等词构成的时间状语,所以考生要根据具体语境来判断时态。题干中常出现的标志词或时间状语有: (1)一般现在时:<span word="sometimes">sometimes</span>,<span word="every">every</span> <span word="day">day</span>/<span word="week">week</span>,<span word="on">on</span> <span word="Sundays">Sundays</span>等; (2)一般过去时:<span word="yesterday">yesterday</span>,<span word="last">last</span> <span word="week">week</span>,<span word="three">three</span> <span word="years">years</span> <span word="ago">ago</span>,<span word="the">the</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="day">day</span>,<span word="the">the</span> <span word="day">day</span> <span word="before">before</span> <span word="yesterday">yesterday</span>,<span word="once">once</span> <span word="upon">upon</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="time">time</span>,<span word="in">in</span> 1990等; (3)一般将来时:<span word="next">next</span> <span word="week">week</span>,<span word="tomorrow">tomorrow</span>,<span word="before">before</span> <span word="long">long</span>,<span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="future">future</span>,<span word="later">later</span> <span word="on">on</span>,<span word="the">the</span> <span word="day">day</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="tomorrow">tomorrow</span>等; (4)现在进行时:<span word="look">look</span>,<span word="now">now</span>,<span word="at">at</span> <span word="present">present</span>,<span word="at">at</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="moment">moment</span>,<span word="these">these</span> <span word="days">days</span>等; (5)过去进行时:<span word="then">then</span>,<span word="at">at</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="time">time</span>,<span word="those">those</span> <span word="days">days</span>等; (6)将来进行时:<span word="at">at</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="tomorrow">tomorrow</span>/<span word="the">the</span> <span word="day">day</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="tomorrow">tomorrow</span>,<span word="from">from</span>...<span word="to">to</span>...<span word="tomorrow">tomorrow</span>/<span word="the">the</span> <span word="day">day</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="tomorrow">tomorrow</span>等; 二 三 四 一 五 (7)现在完成时:<span word="lately">lately</span>,<span word="recently">recently</span>,<span word="so">so</span> <span word="far">far</span>,<span word="yet">yet</span>,<span word="by">by</span> <span word="now">now</span>,<span word="up">up</span> <span word="to">to</span>/<span word="till">till</span> <span word="now">now</span>,<span word="since">since</span> <span word="then">then</span>,<span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="last">last</span>/<span word="past">past</span> <span word="few">few</span> <span word="days">days</span>/<span word="years">years</span>等; (8)过去完成时:<span word="by">by</span> <span word="then">then</span>,<span word="by">by</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="time">time</span>,<span word="until">until</span> <span word="then">then</span>,<span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="end">end</span> <span word="of">of</span> 2017,<span word="before">before</span> 1999,“<span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="time">time</span>+句子”等; (9)将来完成时:“<span word="by">by</span>+将来的某个时间”,<span word="when">when</span>/<span word="before">before</span>引导的时间状语从句; (10)现在完成进行时:<span word="all">all</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="morning">morning</span>,<span word="these">these</span> <span word="few">few</span> <span word="days">days</span>,<span word="all">all</span> <span word="night">night</span>,<span word="this">this</span> <span word="month">month</span>,<span word="recently">recently</span>等。 二 三 四 一 五 二、考查语境中的时态呼应 在一篇文章中,每个句子的时态使用并非是孤立的,而是有联系的。每个句子除了关注本身的句意和动作发生的情况之外,还要在语篇层次上协调一致。 二 三 四 一 五 三、考查复合句或并列句中的时态呼应 (1)在时间、条件、让步等状语从句中,若主句为一般将来时,则从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时;若主句为过去时,则从句也用相应的过去时。 (2)能够分清主句谓语动词及从句谓语动词两个动作发生的时间,并认真体会命题者所给出的语境。 (3)解答宾语从句与主句时态呼应题目时,考生应熟知以下规则:如果主句是现在时态,则从句可根据需要使用任何时态;如果主句为过去时态,则从句要用合适的过去的某种时态(表示客观真理时使用一般现在时态)。 例1:<span word="Tom">Tom</span> (<span word="shake">shake</span>) <span word="his">his</span> <span word="head">head</span>,<span word="went">went</span> <span word="back">back</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="market">market</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="returned">returned</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="tell">tell</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="boss">boss</span> $1.2 <span word="per">per</span> <span word="kg">kg</span>.该题考查并列谓语,应该使用一般过去时态,因此答案为<span word="shook">shook</span>。 二 三 四 一 五 例2:<span word="When">When</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="got">got</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="top">top</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="mountain">mountain</span>,<span word="the">the</span> <span word="sun">sun</span> (<span word="shine">shine</span>).该题可以根据时间状语从句判断主句谓语动词动作发生的时间,再根据句意来判断使用合适的时态。该题的答案为<span word="was">was</span> <span word="shining">shining</span>。 二 三 四 一 五 四、考查固定句式中的时态 英语中的一些句式的时态常常很固定,如果题干中出现这种句式,注意根据规则选用需要的时态。例如: (1)<span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="first">first</span>/<span word="second">second</span>/...<span word="time">time</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="sb">sb</span>.<span word="have">have</span>/<span word="has">has</span> <span word="done">done</span>... (2)<span word="It">It</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="first">first</span>/<span word="second">second</span>/...<span word="time">time</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="sb">sb</span>.<span word="had">had</span> <span word="done">done</span>... (3)<span word="sb">sb</span>.<span word="was">was</span>/<span word="were">were</span> <span word="doing">doing</span> <span word="sth">sth</span>.<span word="when">when</span>...<span word="did">did</span>... (4)<span word="Hardly">Hardly</span>/<span word="Scarcely">Scarcely</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="sb">sb</span>.<span word="done">done</span> <span word="sth">sth</span>.<span word="when">when</span> <span word="sb">sb</span>.<span word="did">did</span>... (5)<span word="No">No</span> <span word="sooner">sooner</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="sb">sb</span>.<span word="done">done</span> <span word="sth">sth</span>.<span word="than">than</span> <span word="sb">sb</span>.<span word="did">did</span>... 例如:<span word="Hardly">Hardly</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="got">got</span> <span word="home">home</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="rain">rain</span> (<span word="pour">pour</span>) <span word="down">down</span>.该题考查固定句型,根据该句型的特点可以判断出答案为<span word="poured">poured</span>。 二 三 四 一 五 五、考查时态和语态的一体性 谓语动词的时态和语态是一体两面、不可分割的。在关注动作发生的时间和存在的状态的同时,一定要关注主语和谓语的关系。在判断语态时,要注意以下情况: 1.有些及物动词或及物动词短语不能用于被动语态。常见的这类动词或动词短语有: <span word="have">have</span> 有 <span word="cost">cost</span>花费 <span word="lack">lack</span>缺少 <span word="own">own</span>拥有 <span word="suit">suit</span>适合 <span word="hold">hold</span>抓住 <span word="fit">fit</span>适合 <span word="belong">belong</span> <span word="to">to</span>属于 <span word="I">I</span> <span word="don">don</span>’<span word="t">t</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="money">money</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="me">me</span>. 我身上没带那么钱。 <span word="Lions">Lions</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="tigers">tigers</span> <span word="belong">belong</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="cat">cat</span> <span word="family">family</span>. 狮子和老虎属于猫科。 二 三 四 一 五 2.不及物动词或不及物动词短语不能用于被动语态。常见的这类动词或动词短语有: <span word="come">come</span> <span word="about">about</span>/<span word="happen">happen</span>/<span word="take">take</span> <span word="place">place</span>/<span word="occur">occur</span>(<span word="to">to</span>)发生 <span word="remain">remain</span>剩下 <span word="break">break</span> <span word="out">out</span>爆发 <span word="last">last</span>持续 <span word="come">come</span> <span word="out">out</span>出版 <span word="lose">lose</span> <span word="heart">heart</span>失去信心 <span word="date">date</span> <span word="back">back</span> <span word="to">to</span>追溯到 <span word="run">run</span> <span word="out">out</span>用完 3.有些不及物动词以主动形式表示被动意义。 (1)<span word="read">read</span>,<span word="write">write</span>,<span word="sell">sell</span>,<span word="wash">wash</span>,<span word="clean">clean</span>,<span word="cook">cook</span>,<span word="catch">catch</span>,<span word="draw">draw</span>,<span word="cut">cut</span>等,常与<span word="well">well</span>,<span word="badly">badly</span>,<span word="easily">easily</span>,<span word="smoothly">smoothly</span>等副词连用,用主动形式表示被动意义。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="shirt">shirt</span> <span word="washes">washes</span> <span word="well">well</span>. 这件衬衫很好洗。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="book">book</span> <span word="sells">sells</span> <span word="well">well</span>. 这本书卖得很好。 二 三 四 一 五 (2)<span word="smell">smell</span>,<span word="taste">taste</span>,<span word="feel">feel</span>,<span word="look">look</span>,<span word="sound">sound</span>,<span word="prove">prove</span>,<span word="turn">turn</span> <span word="out">out</span>,<span word="wear">wear</span>,<span word="blow">blow</span>等常用作连系动词,后接形容词作表语,用主动形式表示被动意义。 <span word="Her">Her</span> <span word="voice">voice</span> <span word="sounds">sounds</span> <span word="beautiful">beautiful</span>. 她的嗓音听起来很美妙。 (3)<span word="open">open</span>,<span word="close">close</span>,<span word="lock">lock</span>,<span word="move">move</span>,<span word="keep">keep</span>等,常与<span word="won">won</span>’<span word="t">t</span>,<span word="can">can</span>’<span word="t">t</span>,<span word="wouldn">wouldn</span>’<span word="t">t</span>,<span word="hardly">hardly</span>,<span word="scarcely">scarcely</span>等连用;表示“开始,结束”的动词,如:<span word="begin">begin</span>,<span word="start">start</span>,<span word="finish">finish</span>,<span word="end">end</span>等,常用主动形式表示被动意义。 <span word="Work">Work</span> <span word="began">began</span> <span word="at">at</span> 7 <span word="o">o</span>’<span word="clock">clock</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="morning">morning</span>. 今天早上7点钟开始工作。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="shop">shop</span> <span word="closes">closes</span> <span word="at">at</span> 6 <span word="p">p</span>.<span word="m">m</span>.<span word="every">every</span> <span word="day">day</span>. 这个商店每天下午6点关门。 二 三 四 一 五 4.有些非谓语动词以主动形式出现,表示被动意义。常见的有: (1)<span word="be">be</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="blame">blame</span>,<span word="be">be</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="seek">seek</span>,<span word="be">be</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="let">let</span>等。 <span word="I">I</span> <span word="am">am</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="blame">blame</span>. 我该受责备。 (2)<span word="need">need</span>/<span word="want">want</span>/<span word="require">require</span>/<span word="deserve">deserve</span>/<span word="stand">stand</span>/<span word="bear">bear</span>等后接<span word="doing">doing</span>。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="library">library</span> <span word="needs">needs</span> <span word="repairing">repairing</span>. 图书馆需要修一修。 (3)“<span word="be">be</span>+<span word="easy">easy</span>/<span word="difficult">difficult</span>/<span word="hard">hard</span>/<span word="heavy">heavy</span>/<span word="light">light</span>/<span word="dangerous">dangerous</span>/<span word="pleasant">pleasant</span>/<span word="comfortable">comfortable</span>/<span word="fit">fit</span>/<span word="interesting">interesting</span>/<span word="expensive">expensive</span>...+<span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span>”。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="question">question</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="easy">easy</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="answer">answer</span>. 这问题容易(被)回答。 二 三 四 一 五 5.“<span word="get">get</span>+过去分词”表被动 “<span word="get">get</span> + 过去分词”也能用于被动结构或系表结构,用于被动结构时,它强调动作的发生;用于系表结构时,它强调状态的变化。 (1)谈论某人或某物的客观遭遇,往往表示一种突然的、未曾料到的偶发事件或事故。 <span word="He">He</span> <span word="got">got</span> <span word="killed">killed</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="crossing">crossing</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="road">road</span>.过马路时他被车撞死了。 (2)谈论设法或终于做到令人称心的事,说话者带有较强的感情色彩。当主语是人时,常可在<span word="get">get</span>和过去分词之间插入一个反身代词。 <span word="She">She</span> <span word="got">got</span> (<span word="herself">herself</span>) <span word="paid">paid</span> <span word="before">before</span> <span word="she">she</span> <span word="went">went</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="holiday">holiday</span>.她在休假前(设法)领到了工资。 (3)使自己进入或变为某种状态,或表示引起心理和情感上的变化。 <span word="He">He</span> <span word="went">went</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="got">got</span> <span word="drunk">drunk</span>.他出去喝醉了酒。 <span word="I">I</span> <span word="got">got</span> <span word="surprised">surprised</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="news">news</span>.这消息使我吃惊。 Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ.完成句子(高考真题变式训练) 1.<span word="The">The</span> <span word="twins">twins</span>,<span word="who">who</span></p>
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