黑龙江省名校高三英语语法专题第5讲介词
<p> 介词的用法比较灵活，搭配比较复杂。近几年高考常考介词的词义辨析、介词与名词的搭配、介词与动词的搭配及习惯表达法中的介词。根据高考命题的趋向，介词的复习应该将重点放在常用介词的用法总结、近义介词的辨析以及介词与<span word="v">v</span><span word="ing">ing</span>、介词与名词的固定搭配上。 近几年高考常考介词分类如下： 种类 举例 单个介词 <span word="about">about</span>，<span word="above">above</span>，<span word="across">across</span>，<span word="after">after</span>，<span word="against">against</span>，<span word="among">among</span>，<span word="around">around</span>，<span word="at">at</span>，<span word="below">below</span>，<span word="beyond">beyond</span>，<span word="during">during</span>，<span word="except">except</span>，<span word="in">in</span>，<span word="through">through</span>，<span word="towards">towards</span>，<span word="with">with</span>，<span word="etc">etc</span>. 合成介词 <span word="inside">inside</span>，<span word="into">into</span>，<span word="onto">onto</span>，<span word="outside">outside</span>，<span word="throughout">throughout</span>，<span word="upon">upon</span>，<span word="within">within</span>，<span word="without">without</span>，<span word="etc">etc</span>. 成语介词 <span word="according">according</span> <span word="to">to</span>，<span word="because">because</span> <span word="of">of</span>，<span word="on">on</span> <span word="account">account</span> <span word="of">of</span>，<span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="result">result</span> <span word="of">of</span>，<span word="instead">instead</span> <span word="of">of</span>，<span word="up">up</span> <span word="to">to</span>，<span word="due">due</span> <span word="to">to</span>，<span word="owing">owing</span> <span word="to">to</span>，<span word="thanks">thanks</span> <span word="to">to</span>，<span word="out">out</span> <span word="of">of</span>，<span word="etc">etc</span>. 双重介词 <span word="from">from</span> <span word="among">among</span>，<span word="from">from</span> <span word="inside">inside</span>，<span word="from">from</span> <span word="behind">behind</span>，<span word="from">from</span> <span word="under">under</span>，<span word="till">till</span> <span word="after">after</span>，<span word="etc">etc</span>. 分词变来的介词 <span word="including">including</span>，<span word="considering">considering</span>(＝<span word="given">given</span>)(考虑到，就……而言)，<span word="etc">etc</span>. 由形容词转化来的介词 <span word="like">like</span>，<span word="unlike">unlike</span>，<span word="near">near</span>，<span word="next">next</span>，<span word="opposite">opposite</span>，<span word="etc">etc</span>. 一、常用介词和介词短语的用法 1．介词<span word="at">at</span>可表示动作、感情的原因，意思是“因……而；一听到(看到/想到)……就”。 <span word="At">At</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="boy">boy</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="remark">remark</span>，<span word="the">the</span> <span word="bookseller">bookseller</span> <span word="looked">looked</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="him">him</span> <span word="curiously">curiously</span>.听到男孩最后的那句话，卖书人好奇地看着他。 <span word="Why">Why</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="boy">boy</span> <span word="surprised">surprised</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="writer">writer</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="request">request</span>? 那男孩为什么对作者的请求感到吃惊？ 2．<span word="on">on</span>＋名词或动名词结构可表示“一……就”。 <span word="On">On</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="arrival">arrival</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="went">went</span> <span word="straight">straight</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="counter">counter</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="spoke">spoke</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="clerk">clerk</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="uniform">uniform</span> <span word="behind">behind</span> <span word="it">it</span>.一到饭店，他就径直往柜台走去，并与柜台后边穿制服的店员说话。 <span word="On">On</span> <span word="arriving">arriving</span> <span word="home">home</span>，<span word="I">I</span> <span word="discovered">discovered</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="gone">gone</span>. 我一到家就发现他们已经离开了。 【注意】 表示“一……就……”意思的短语或句型小结： <span word="On">On</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="arrival">arrival</span>(<span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="hotel">hotel</span>)．..相当于： ①<span word="On">On</span> <span word="arriving">arriving</span> (<span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="hotel">hotel</span>)．.. ②<span word="As">As</span> <span word="soon">soon</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="arrived">arrived</span> (<span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="hotel">hotel</span>)．.. ③<span word="The">The</span> <span word="moment">moment</span>(<span word="minute">minute</span>/<span word="second">second</span>)/<span word="Immediately">Immediately</span>/<span word="Instantly">Instantly</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="arrived">arrived</span>(<span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="hotel">hotel</span>)．.. ④<span word="Hardly">Hardly</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="arrived">arrived</span>(<span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="hotel">hotel</span>)<span word="when">when</span>... ⑤<span word="No">No</span> <span word="sooner">sooner</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="arrived">arrived</span>(<span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="hotel">hotel</span>)<span word="than">than</span>... 4．<span word="with">with</span>的用法 (1)表示“和……在一起”、“由……陪同”或“有……在场”的意思。 <span word="Mr">Mr</span>. <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Mrs">Mrs</span>. <span word="Smith">Smith</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="there">there</span>，<span word="with">with</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="family">family</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="three">three</span> <span word="small">small</span> <span word="children">children</span>. 史密斯夫妇带着他们三个年幼的孩子都在那儿。 (2)表示两种事物之间的相应关系或齐头并进的意思。 <span word="With">With</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="passing">passing</span>，<span word="they">they</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="grown">grown</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="big">big</span> <span word="boys">boys</span>. 随着时间的流逝，他们都长成大小伙子了。 (3)引导一个表示方式的状语的附加语。 <span word="She">She</span> <span word="lay">lay</span> <span word="back">back</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="chair">chair</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="eyes">eyes</span> <span word="closed">closed</span>. 她闭着眼睛背靠在椅子上坐着。 (4)指原因或理由。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="small">small</span> <span word="child">child</span> <span word="trembled">trembled</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="fear">fear</span>. 小孩吓得打哆嗦。 5．<span word="by">by</span>的用法 (1)表示“不迟于(某时间)”的意思。 <span word="We">We</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="home">home</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="ten">ten</span> <span word="o">o</span>'<span word="clock">clock</span>. 我们十点钟得到家。 (2)含有“到……的程度”的意思。 <span word="This">This</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="shorter">shorter</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="three">three</span> <span word="inches">inches</span>. 这一个比那一个短三英寸。 (3)表示买卖东西所用以计算的数或量，或付酬所用以计算的时间。 <span word="Milk">Milk</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="sold">sold</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="pint">pint</span>，<span word="butter">butter</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="pound">pound</span>，<span word="and">and</span> <span word="eggs">eggs</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="dozen">dozen</span>.牛奶论品脱卖，黄油论磅卖，蛋类论打卖。 (4)表示“按照……”或“根据……”的意思。 <span word="By">By</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="watch">watch</span>，<span word="the">the</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="half">half</span> <span word="past">past</span> <span word="eleven">eleven</span>. 按我的表，现在是十一点半。</p>
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