语篇错误
<p>这里所说的语篇与语言学上严格意义的语篇并不完全一致，这里说的语篇是指超句子水平的语段。学生作文中这方面的错误也各式各样，难于归类，其中较常见的有以下几种。</p><p>1.离题</p><p>一般来说，文章尤其是短篇文章的主题应该单一、突出。但有些学生的作文主题不集中，甚至离题现象常有发生。要使主题集中，一是要在提炼主题上下功夫，行文前要确立相对明确的主题;二是要注意剪材，将无关主题的材料舍弃，做到不蔓不枝。初学写作者尤应防止意多乱文、事杂乱议的现象发生。例如：</p><p><span word="In">In</span> <span word="Beijing">Beijing</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="rest">rest</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="China">China</span>， <span word="traffic">traffic</span> <span word="keeps">keeps</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="right">right</span>.<span word="Traffic">Traffic</span> <span word="problem">problem</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="important">important</span> <span word="issues">issues</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="daily">daily</span> <span word="life">life</span>.<span word="Each">Each</span> <span word="person">person</span>，<span word="especially">especially</span> <span word="drivers">drivers</span>，<span word="should">should</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="traffic">traffic</span> <span word="rules">rules</span>.<span word="Traffic">Traffic</span> <span word="Department">Department</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="paying">paying</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="attention">attention</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="traffic">traffic</span> <span word="problem">problem</span>，<span word="and">and</span> <span word="traffic">traffic</span> <span word="system">system</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="improving">improving</span>.<span word="Every">Every</span> <span word="year">year</span>，<span word="how">how</span>-<span word="ever">ever</span>，<span word="a">a</span> <span word="few">few</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="die">die</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="get">get</span> <span word="injured">injured</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="traffic">traffic</span> <span word="accidents">accidents</span>.</p><p>首句是主题句，意为与中国其他地方一样，北京的交通都靠右行驶。但段落的主要内容却是北京的交通问题，与段落主题关系不大。整段文字内容不集中，离题现象严重。</p><p>2.段落缺乏统一性</p><p>段落中的所有句子都必须紧扣主题，所有的论点、事例和细节都要为表现主题服务。能这样做，段落便有了统一性(<span word="unity">unity</span>)。如果在叙述或论证过程中，以内容完全不同的另一种议题去替换原来所要叙述或论证的议题，就会出现违反统一性的错误。例如：</p>
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