关联理论与写作
<p>关联理论亦称相关理论(<span word="relevance">relevance</span> <span word="theory">theory</span>)，形成于年代中期，主要代表人物是斯帕伯和威尔逊(<span word="D">D</span>.<span word="Sperber">Sperber</span><span word="D">D</span>.<span word="Wilson">Wilson</span>)。他们在《关联性：交际与认知》(<span word="Relevance">Relevance</span>：<span word="Communication">Communication</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Cognition">Cognition</span>，1986)一书中系统提出的关联理论在西方语言学界引起了广泛的兴趣。</p><p>关联理论认为，人们是根据人类认知假设去理解话语的，而人类认知假设的条件是关联原则，即根据相关联的信息认知事物。关联是正确认知的基础(何自然，1995)(14)。这就是说，语言交际是一个认知过程。关联理论描述了人们对话语的认知过程，话语和语境具有关联性，这种关联使人们对说话者(作者)的意图作出合理的推论，从而对话语作出正确的反应。例如：</p><p><span word="Mike">Mike</span>：<span word="Shall">Shall</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="movies">movies</span>?</p><p><span word="Mary">Mary</span>：<span word="I">I</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="study">study</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="exam">exam</span>.</p><p>从字面上看，玛丽的回答与问题无关，其实并非如此。那么，玛丽的回答是怎样被理解的呢?显然，玛丽期望迈克能理解她的话，并通过推理知道她的真实意图。迈克听到玛丽的话前，他脑子里会有一些常识性的假定。比如：</p><p><span word="A">A</span>.<span word="Going">Going</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="movies">movies</span> <span word="takes">takes</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="time">time</span>.</p><p><span word="B">B</span>.<span word="Studying">Studying</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="exams">exams</span> <span word="takes">takes</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="time">time</span>.</p><p><span word="C">C</span>.<span word="Generally">Generally</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="both">both</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="movies">movies</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="study">study</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="exam">exam</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="time">time</span>.</p><p>关联理论认为，交际是受相关原则支配的：每一个示意一推理(<span word="ostensioninference">ostensioninference</span>)交际行为都传递有最大相关度的假定。说话人总是提供相关度最大的信息，听话人则选择相关度最大的假定推导说话人的意图。迈克根据上述常识性假定，便能理解玛丽的真实意图，即<span word="I">I</span>(<span word="Mary">Mary</span>)<span word="have">have</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="study">study</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="exam">exam</span>.意思就是<span word="I">I</span>(<span word="Mary">Mary</span>)<span word="can">can</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="movies">movies</span>.</p>
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