实用英语写作的技巧 (第21单元)
<p>第二十一单元 从段落到篇章</p><p>21.1 段落和篇章</p><p>段落和篇章在长度上有明显的不同，但是它们在结构上是一致的。首先，段落是由表达其主题思想的主题句（<span word="Topic">Topic</span> <span word="Sentence">Sentence</span>）或主题导句（<span word="Topic">Topic</span> <span word="Introducer">Introducer</span>）引出的，而篇章中的首段也是该篇文章主题思想的导言和引言；其次，一个段落必须有若干个展开句使主题思想得以展开和充实，同样篇章的主体部分也是由几个推展或后续首段主题思想的段落组成。再者，在段落结束时有一个结尾句（<span word="Concluding">Concluding</span> <span word="Sentence">Sentence</span>）总结段落的主旨，篇章也同样有一个对上下文进行归纳和总结主题思想的末段。尽管不是所有的段落和篇章都具备这样的完整结构，但典型的段落和篇章在结构上是一致的。</p><p>根据上述，让我们比较一下<span word="Model">Model</span> <span word="Paragraph">Paragraph</span> 21-1和<span word="Model">Model</span> <span word="Essay">Essay</span> 21-2，后者的主题思想完全基于前者。所不同的是，<span word="Model">Model</span> <span word="Paragraph">Paragraph</span>中的六个句子①，②，③，④，⑤，⑥均已被扩展成<span word="Model">Model</span> <span word="Essay">Essay</span>中的六个段落。</p><p><span word="Model">Model</span> <span word="Paragraph">Paragraph</span> 21-1</p><p>①<span word="To">To</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="successful">successful</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="job">job</span> <span word="interview">interview</span>，<span word="the">the</span> <span word="applicant">applicant</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="demonstrate">demonstrate</span> <span word="certain">certain</span> <span word="personal">personal</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="professional">professional</span> <span word="qualities">qualities</span>.②<span word="In">In</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="often">often</span> <span word="lasting">lasting</span> <span word="impression">impression</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="person">person</span> <span word="isdetermined">isdetermined</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="clothes">clothes</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="wears">wears</span>，<span word="the">the</span> <span word="job">job</span> <span word="applicant">applicant</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="take">take</span> <span word="care">care</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="appear">appear</span> <span word="well">well</span>-<span word="groomed">groomed</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="modestly">modestly</span> <span word="dressed">dressed</span>，<span word="avoiding">avoiding</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="extremes">extremes</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="too">too</span> <span word="elaborate">elaborate</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="too">too</span> <span word="casual">casual</span> <span word="attire">attire</span>.③<span word="Besides">Besides</span> <span word="care">care</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="personal">personal</span> <span word="appearance">appearance</span>，<span word="one">one</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="pay">pay</span> <span word="close">close</span> <span word="attention">attention</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="ones">ones</span> <span word="manner">manner</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="speaking">speaking</span>，<span word="which">which</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="neither">neither</span> <span word="showy">showy</span> <span word="nor">nor</span> <span word="too">too</span> <span word="familiar">familiar</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="rather">rather</span> <span word="straightforward">straightforward</span>，<span word="grammatically">grammatically</span> <span word="accurate">accurate</span>，<span word="and">and</span> <span word="friendly">friendly</span>.④<span word="In">In</span> <span word="addition">addition</span>，<span word="one">one</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="prepared">prepared</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="talk">talk</span> <span word="knowledgeably">knowledgeably</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="requirements">requirements</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="position">position</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="applying">applying</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="relation">relation</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="ones">ones</span> <span word="own">own</span> <span word="professional">professional</span> <span word="experience">experience</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="interests">interests</span>.⑤<span word="And">And</span> <span word="finally">finally</span>，<span word="there">there</span> <span word="ally">ally</span> <span word="impressive">impressive</span> <span word="applicant">applicant</span> <span word="must">must</span> <span word="convey">convey</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="sense">sense</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="self">self</span>-<span word="confidence">confidence</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="enthusiasm">enthusiasm</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="work">work</span>，<span word="factors">factors</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="interviewers">interviewers</span> <span word="value">value</span> <span word="highly">highly</span>.⑥<span word="The">The</span> <span word="job">job</span> <span word="seeker">seeker</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="displays">displays</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="characteristics">characteristics</span>，<span word="with">with</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="little">little</span> <span word="luck">luck</span>，<span word="will">will</span> <span word="certainly">certainly</span> <span word="succeed">succeed</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="typical">typical</span> <span word="personal">personal</span> <span word="interview">interview</span>.</p>
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