段落展开法II
<p>类比和对比</p><p>类比和对比是写作中常用的方法。</p><p>严格地说，类比用于指出同一范畴的事物之间或者几个人之间的相似之处，而对比则用于指出他(它)们之间的不同之处。但实际上，类比和对比常常同时使用，原因是人们在议论两个人或事物时，往往既提出二者的相同之处，又注意到他(它)们之间的差异所在。</p><p>可通过两种不同的做法，用类比和对比的方法展开段落。第一种称为整体类比或整体对比法，即在阐述完一件事物的特点之后，再摆出与之相比的另一件事物的全部特点。需要注意的是，进行类比或对比的两件事物的方法应一致，顺序应相同，否则就会相互脱离不成对比。第二种作法称为交替类比或交替对比法，即逐条比较或对比两个人或两种事物的特点。</p><p>比较法中有一种比较特殊的形式被称为比拟。即把属于两个不同范畴的事物的相似之处加以比较。请看下例：</p><p><span word="Electricity">Electricity</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="transferred">transferred</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="place">place</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="another">another</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="manner">manner</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="water">water</span>. <span word="A">A</span> <span word="water">water</span> <span word="pipe">pipe</span> <span word="performs">performs</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="function">function</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="length">length</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="wire">wire</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="pipe">pipe</span> <span word="carries">carries</span> <span word="water">water</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="point">point</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="use">use</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="manner">manner</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="wire">wire</span> <span word="carries">carries</span> <span word="electricity">electricity</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="point">point</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="use">use</span>. <span word="A">A</span> <span word="blown">blown</span> <span word="fuse">fuse</span> <span word="results">results</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="thing">thing</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="burst">burst</span> <span word="water">water</span> <span word="pipe">pipe</span>. <span word="Both">Both</span> <span word="give">give</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="due">due</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="extreme">extreme</span> <span word="pressure">pressure</span> <span word="applied">applied</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="walls">walls</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="carrier">carrier</span>. <span word="A">A</span> <span word="switch">switch</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="electricity">electricity</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="faucet">faucet</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="water">water</span>. <span word="Both">Both</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="control">control</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="flow">flow</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="substance">substance</span>. <span word="Since">Since</span> <span word="electricity">electricity</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="water">water</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="common">common</span> <span word="properties">properties</span>, <span word="understanding">understanding</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="job">job</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="plumber">plumber</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="help">help</span> <span word="understanding">understanding</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="electrician">electrician</span>.</p>
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