单词巧记：三项原则简化拼写 两大属性搞定词性
<p> 互换原则 主要是元音字母互换和辅音字母互换两种。中国人可以称呼母亲以及其类似于母亲作用的女性为母、妈、嬷，其汉语拼音分别为<span word="mu">mu</span>、<span word="ma">ma</span>、<span word="mo">mo</span>，这种现象就是元音字母的互换。5个元音字母<span word="a">a</span>-<span word="e">e</span>-<span word="i">i</span>-<span word="o">o</span>-<span word="u">u</span>的互换可以创造出大量词义相近或者相对的单词，比如，<span word="sing">sing</span>唱与<span word="song">song</span>歌、<span word="now">now</span>现在与<span word="new">new</span>新的、<span word="long">long</span>长的与<span word="length">length</span>长度 、<span word="language">language</span>语言与<span word="linguist">linguist</span>语言学家、<span word="microeconomics">microeconomics</span>微观经济学与<span word="macroeconomics">macroeconomics</span>宏观经济学，等等。元音字母的互换在不规则动词表中也大量存在，比如，<span word="sit">sit</span>-<span word="sat">sat</span>坐、<span word="get">get</span>-<span word="got">got</span>拿、<span word="run">run</span>-<span word="ran">ran</span>、<span word="give">give</span>-<span word="gave">gave</span>，等等。辅音字母互换主要包括以下几组，<span word="b">b</span>-<span word="p">p</span>，<span word="b">b</span>-<span word="d">d</span>，<span word="g">g</span>-<span word="k">k</span>，<span word="d">d</span>-<span word="t">t</span>-<span word="s">s</span>，<span word="m">m</span>-<span word="n">n</span>，<span word="f">f</span>-<span word="v">v</span>，<span word="c">c</span>-<span word="s">s</span>，<span word="c">c</span>-<span word="k">k</span>，<span word="u">u</span>-<span word="v">v</span>-<span word="w">w</span>-<span word="y">y</span>等。字母<span word="b">b</span>-<span word="p">p</span>互换主要表现在前缀<span word="sub">sub</span>和<span word="sup">sup</span>中，前者表示下，后者表示上。比如，<span word="subway">subway</span>、<span word="submarine">submarine</span>、<span word="superman">superman</span>、<span word="supersonic">supersonic</span>、<span word="supermarket">supermarket</span>等等。字母<span word="b">b</span>-<span word="d">d</span>互换主要表现在前缀<span word="bi">bi</span>和<span word="di">di</span>当中，两者都表示两，双。比如，<span word="bicycle">bicycle</span>，<span word="bilinguist">bilinguist</span>、<span word="dioxide">dioxide</span>、<span word="dimension">dimension</span>等等。</p><p> 缩略原则 这是创造英语词汇的一项基本原则。通过缩略原则，可以创造出庞大的词汇词族。比如，大家都知道<span word="moon">moon</span>月亮这个单词，如果同时也知道月亮具有圆圆的、银白色的、惟一的、公共的以及具有监视坏人等传统观念，那么，就会知道以下系列单词都是来源于月亮这个英语单词<span word="moon">moon</span>：<span word="money">money</span>，<span word="Monday">Monday</span>，<span word="month">month</span>，<span word="monism">monism</span>，<span word="monologue">monologue</span>，<span word="monopoly">monopoly</span>，<span word="monocycle">monocycle</span>，<span word="monitor">monitor</span>，<span word="monster">monster</span>，<span word="common">common</span>等。如果大家知道西方宗教中的世界起源，也就会明白<span word="world">world</span>与<span word="word">word</span>之间的缩略关系。《圣经》上说：世界之初道先行，神与道同在，神即是道。掌握了<span word="world">world</span>与<span word="word">word</span>之间的缩略关系，不仅对于我们理解英语单词具有至关重要的意义，也对我们学习英语的目的具有本质上的指导作用，因为，<span word="Grasp">Grasp</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="words">words</span>，<span word="grasp">grasp</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="world">world</span>。</p>
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