英语六级必读美文005：牛津大学
<p> <span word="Oxford">Oxford</span> <span word="Uruversity">Uruversity</span> <span word="once">once</span> <span word="famously">famously</span> <span word="claimed">claimed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="founded">founded</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Alfred">Alfred</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Great">Great</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> 9<span word="th">th</span> <span word="century">century</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="fact">fact</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Universitbr">Universitbr</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="today">today</span> <span word="began">began</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="take">take</span> <span word="shape">shape</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> 12<span word="th">th</span> <span word="century">century</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="English">English</span> <span word="scholars">scholars</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="exiled">exiled</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="Paris">Paris</span> <span word="University">University</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="began">began</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="congregate">congregate</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="Oxfords">Oxfords</span> <span word="Abbeys">Abbeys</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Priories">Priories</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="then">then</span> <span word="already">already</span> <span word="established">established</span> <span word="centers">centers</span> <span word="ofleaming">ofleaming</span>.</p><p> 牛津大学曾经一度盛传是由阿尔弗来德一世在9世纪建立的。但事实上，我们今天所知道的牛津大学始建于12世纪，当时一群英国学者从巴黎大学流放过来，云集于牛津的教堂和修道院中，在那时候教学中心就已经建立起来了。</p><p> <span word="Today">Today</span>, 39 <span word="independent">independent</span>, <span word="self">self</span>-<span word="governing">governing</span> <span word="colleges">colleges</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="related">related</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="University">University</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="t">t</span>3<span word="rpe">rpe</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="federal">federal</span> <span word="system">system</span>. <span word="Each">Each</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="governed">governed</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="Head">Head</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="House">House</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="number">number</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Fellows">Fellows</span>, <span word="who">who</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="academics">academics</span> <span word="specializing">specializing</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="wide">wide</span> <span word="variety">variety</span> <span word="ofdiscipHnes">ofdiscipHnes</span>, <span word="most">most</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="whom">whom</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="hold">hold</span> <span word="Uruversity">Uruversity</span> <span word="posts">posts</span>.</p><p> 现在，39个独立、自治的学院以一种联邦体制的形式和校方联系。每个学院由<span word="l">l</span>位院长和几名研究员管理，他们是多学科的专家教员，其中多数人还身兼校方职位。</p><p> <span word="Across">Across</span> <span word="both">both</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Arts">Arts</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Sciences">Sciences</span>, <span word="Oxford">Oxford</span> <span word="research">research</span> <span word="consistently">consistently</span> <span word="ranks">ranks</span> <span word="top">top</span> <span word="both">both</span> <span word="nationally">nationally</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="internationally">internationally</span>, <span word="As">As</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="forefront">forefront</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="scientific">scientific</span>, <span word="medical">medical</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="technological">technological</span> <span word="achievement">achievement</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Universitr">Universitr</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="strong">strong</span> <span word="links">links</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="research">research</span> <span word="institutions">institutions</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="industrial">industrial</span> <span word="concems">concems</span> <span word="both">both</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="United">United</span> <span word="Kingdom">Kingdom</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="overseas">overseas</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="Universitrs">Universitrs</span> <span word="income">income</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="extemally">extemally</span> <span word="funded">funded</span> <span word="research">research</span> <span word="grants">grants</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="contracts">contracts</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1996- 1997 <span word="totaled">totaled</span> <span word="over">over</span> 107 <span word="million">million</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="Uruversitys">Uruversitys</span> <span word="great">great</span> <span word="age">age</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="allows">allows</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="teaching">teaching</span> <span word="staff">staff</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="research">research</span> <span word="students">students</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="tkaw">tkaw</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="heritage">heritage</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="magnificent">magnificent</span></p>
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