相似词语辨析【76】have，there is
<p> <span word="have">have</span>，<span word="there">there</span> <span word="is">is</span></p><p> 若将<span word="I">I</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="pen">pen</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="pocket">pocket</span>和<span word="There">There</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="pen">pen</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="pocket">pocket</span>译成汉语，我们便会发现句中的<span word="have">have</span>和<span word="there">there</span>都作有解，似乎无甚区别可言，其实并不然。它们的不同之处是：</p><p> <span word="Have">Have</span>是实义词；表示是谁所拥有的有，一般说来，句中的主语总在<span word="have">have</span>之前（疑问句和强调语气的倒装句例外）。<span word="There">There</span> <span word="is">is</span>则是虚词，在句中只起形式的作用，表示存在（<span word="exist">exist</span>）之意，句中的主语一般总在<span word="There">There</span> <span word="is">is</span>之后。</p><p> 汉语的有既可以表示拥有（如：我有五部词典的有），又可以表示事物的存在（如：桌上有五部词典的有）。在英语中，若要表示这两个有，就必须用两种不同的方式，即分别译成：<span word="I">I</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="five">five</span> <span word="dictionaries">dictionaries</span>和<span word="There">There</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="five">five</span> <span word="dictionaries">dictionaries</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="desk">desk</span>.</p><p> 由此可见，<span word="have">have</span>和<span word="there">there</span> <span word="is">is</span>译成汉语后，意义虽然相同，但在英语里却各有不同的使用场合。初学英语的人由于没有掌握好这两种不同的表达手段，会把<span word="have">have</span> 和<span word="there">there</span> <span word="is">is</span>混淆一起，造成下列的错误：</p><p> <span word="My">My</span> <span word="pocket">pocket</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="hundred">hundred</span> <span word="dollars">dollars</span>．（错）</p><p> <span word="There">There</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="hundred">hundred</span> <span word="dollars">dollars</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="pocket">pocket</span>．（对）</p><p> <span word="The">The</span> <span word="Island">Island</span> <span word="Eastern">Eastern</span> <span word="Corridor">Corridor</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="lot">lot</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="cars">cars</span>．（错）</p><p> <span word="There">There</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="lot">lot</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="cars">cars</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Island">Island</span> <span word="Eastern">Eastern</span> <span word="Corridor">Corridor</span>．（对）</p><p> 请注意，<span word="there">there</span> <span word="is">is</span>和<span word="there">there</span> <span word="are">are</span>都表示有的涵义，前者用于单数场合，后者用于复数场合，但在英美人的口语中，<span word="there">there</span> <span word="is">is</span>也经常用于复数名词之前。如：</p>
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