英语讲义【167】虚拟语气的形式和意义
<p> 情态动词（<span word="Modal">Modal</span> <span word="Verbs">Verbs</span>）是说话人用来表示说话的语气，包括叙述、命令、要求、愿望及不可能的假设。如果是叙述，就是叙事语气。命令或要求，就是祈使语气；愿望或不可能的假设，就是虚拟语气。</p><p> 这里就来说虚拟语气的形式及其意义。</p><p> 虚拟语气可分三种如下：</p><p> 一、纯虚拟</p><p> （形式和意义都属虚拟。）</p><p> 首先，可用条件副词分句来表示一种不是真实性的假设，如：</p><p> （1） <span word="If">If</span> <span word="l">l</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="you">you</span>, <span word="l">l</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="thing">thing</span>.</p><p> 这里的过去时态<span word="were">were</span>表示现在的事件、现在的愿望。</p><p> 接着，也可用名词从句表示一种不能实现的愿望如：</p><p> （2） <span word="I">I</span> <span word="wish">wish</span> <span word="l">l</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="something">something</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="you">you</span>.</p><p> 这里的过去时态<span word="could">could</span> <span word="do">do</span>表示的是现在的事件、现在的愿望。</p><p> （3） <span word="I">I</span> <span word="wish">wish</span> <span word="l">l</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="decision">decision</span>.</p><p> 这里的过去完成时态<span word="had">had</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="made">made</span>表示过去的事件，现在的愿望。</p><p> 此外，还可用由<span word="as">as</span> <span word="if">if</span>引导的副词从句表示不是真实的事，如：</p><p> （4） <span word="The">The</span> <span word="tired">tired</span> <span word="worker">worker</span> <span word="walked">walked</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="drunk">drunk</span>.</p><p> 最后，可用<span word="but">but</span> <span word="for">for</span>或<span word="without">without</span>引导的简单句表示不可能的事，如：</p><p> （5） <span word="But">But</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="heavy">heavy</span> <span word="rain">rain</span>（要不是这阵大雨），<span word="we">we</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="done">done</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="work">work</span>.</p>
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