英语讲义【138】形似义异的句子
<p> 英语句子千变万化，但都有一定的句法。有些句子，外表相似，但含义不同。有时两个句子中，只有一个字不同，甚至只有一个标点不同，句子的意思也跟着不同。有趣的是，句子越浅白，问题可能越多。</p><p> 现在看看这两个句子：</p><p> （1） <span word="Ken">Ken</span> <span word="said">said</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="fairly">fairly</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="treated">treated</span>.</p><p> （2） <span word="Ken">Ken</span> <span word="said">said</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="fairly">fairly</span> <span word="treated">treated</span>.</p><p> 这两个句子都有副词<span word="fairly">fairly</span>，但是在（1）里，它是个程度副词（<span word="adverb">adverb</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="degree">degree</span>），意思是相当地。在（2）里，它是个状态副词（<span word="adverb">adverb</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="manner">manner</span>），意思是公平地。第一个<span word="fairly">fairly</span>修饰另一个副词<span word="well">well</span>；第二个<span word="fairly">fairly</span>修饰动词<span word="treated">treated</span>。</p><p> 再看看这两个句子：</p><p> （3） <span word="Jimmy">Jimmy</span> <span word="didnt">didnt</span> <span word="buy">buy</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="coat">coat</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="fit">fit</span> <span word="him">him</span>.</p><p> （4） <span word="Jimmy">Jimmy</span> <span word="didnt">didnt</span> <span word="buy">buy</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="coat">coat</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="suit">suit</span> <span word="him">him</span>.</p><p> （3）和（4）的唯一差别是在动词<span word="fit">fit</span>和<span word="suit">suit</span>。前者指尺寸；后者指款式。区区一字之别，意思大不相同。</p><p> 最后，比较下面四组句子，看看它们又如何形似义异：</p><p> （5） <span word="Samuel">Samuel</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="manager">manager</span>, <span word="told">told</span> <span word="me">me</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="leaving">leaving</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="job">job</span>.</p><p> （6） <span word="Samuel">Samuel</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="manager">manager</span>, <span word="told">told</span> <span word="me">me</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="leave">leave</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="job">job</span>.</p><p> 这两句主要的不同根源在<span word="told">told</span>这动词的内涵。（5）里的间接引语（<span word="indirect">indirect</span> <span word="speech">speech</span>）是个陈述句（<span word="declarative">declarative</span> <span word="sentence">sentence</span>）。（6）里的间接引语是个祈使句（<span word="imperative">imperative</span> <span word="sentence">sentence</span>）。这两句的直接引语（<span word="direct">direct</span> <span word="speech">speech</span>）如下：</p>
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