英语讲义【39】垂悬结构
<p> 所谓垂悬结构（<span word="The">The</span> <span word="Dangling">Dangling</span> <span word="Construction">Construction</span>）就是一个句子成分，如分词短语，不定式动词短语等，找不到被修饰的主语或被修饰的对象不合逻辑。垂悬结构是种错误的句法，应该避免。</p><p> 下面是三种常见的垂悬结构及其改正方法：</p><p> ⒈垂悬分词或分词短语，如：</p><p> ① <span word="Climbing">Climbing</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="hill">hill</span>, <span word="several">several</span> <span word="boars">boars</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="seen">seen</span>.</p><p> 这句子里的现在分词短语（<span word="present">present</span> <span word="participial">participial</span> <span word="phrase">phrase</span>）修饰主语<span word="several">several</span> <span word="boars">boars</span>是错的；改正方法有二：</p><p> （<span word="a">a</span>）确定是逻辑主语，使句子变成<span word="Climbing">Climbing</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="hill">hill</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="explorers">explorers</span> <span word="saw">saw</span> <span word="several">several</span> <span word="boars">boars</span>.</p><p> （<span word="b">b</span>）把现在分词短语扩大为副词分句（也称状语从句）：<span word="When">When</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="explorers">explorers</span> <span word="climbed">climbed</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="hill">hill</span>, <span word="they">they</span> <span word="saw">saw</span> <span word="several">several</span> <span word="boars">boars</span>/ <span word="several">several</span> <span word="boars">boars</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="seen">seen</span>.</p><p> ⒉垂悬副词短语，如：</p><p> ② <span word="After">After</span> <span word="putting">putting</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="shrimp">shrimp</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="hook">hook</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="fish">fish</span> <span word="began">began</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="bite">bite</span>.</p><p> 这句的副词短语（<span word="adverb">adverb</span> <span word="phrase">phrase</span>）和主语<span word="the">the</span> <span word="fish">fish</span>有什么逻辑关系呢？真正的逻辑主语应该是<span word="the">the</span> <span word="fisherman">fisherman</span>或<span word="the">the</span> <span word="angler">angler</span>才对。改正方法和例①同：</p><p> （<span word="a">a</span>） <span word="After">After</span> <span word="putting">putting</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="shrimp">shrimp</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="hook">hook</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="fisherman">fisherman</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="fish">fish</span> <span word="began">began</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="bite">bite</span>.</p><p> （<span word="b">b</span>） <span word="After">After</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="fisherman">fisherman</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="put">put</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="shrimp">shrimp</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="hook">hook</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="fish">fish</span> <span word="began">began</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="bite">bite</span>.</p>
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