英语讲义【10】语态：主动与被动的关系
<p> 众所周知,被动语态是一种语法手段，使句子里谓语动词后面的宾语，变成主语，成为动作的执行者。因此，当我们要把动作的承受者变成动作的主宰时，便要用被动语态（<span word="the">the</span> <span word="passive">passive</span> <span word="voice">voice</span>）。</p><p> 麻烦的是，不是所有的主动语态（<span word="the">the</span> <span word="active">active</span> <span word="voice">voice</span>）都可以转变为被动语态，因为有些及物动词（<span word="the">the</span> <span word="transitive">transitive</span> <span word="verb">verb</span>）是不适合以被动形式出现的。</p><p> 下列句子可以证明：</p><p> ① <span word="I">I</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="Japanese">Japanese</span> <span word="car">car</span>.</p><p> ② <span word="The">The</span> <span word="auditorium">auditorium</span> <span word="holds">holds</span> 3000 <span word="people">people</span>.</p><p> ③ <span word="This">This</span> <span word="coat">coat</span> <span word="does">does</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="fit">fit</span> <span word="you">you</span>.</p><p> ④ <span word="Jane">Jane</span> <span word="resembles">resembles</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="mother">mother</span>.</p><p> ⑤ <span word="Tom">Tom</span> <span word="jumped">jumped</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="queue">queue</span>.</p><p> ⑥ <span word="I">I</span> <span word="wish">wish</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="mind">mind</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="business">business</span>.</p><p> ⑦ <span word="Such">Such</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="idea">idea</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="crossed">crossed</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="mind">mind</span>.</p><p> 此外，有些及物动词虽以主动语态出现，却具有被动含义，故不宜再转变为被动语态。其实，也不能变，因为这些动词后面没有宾语。例如：</p><p> ⑧ <span word="This">This</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="knife">knife</span> <span word="cuts">cuts</span> <span word="well">well</span>.</p><p> ⑨ <span word="Nylon">Nylon</span> <span word="shirts">shirts</span> <span word="wash">wash</span> <span word="easily">easily</span>.</p><p> ⑩ <span word="Jasons">Jasons</span> <span word="books">books</span> <span word="sell">sell</span> <span word="quickly">quickly</span>.</p><p> 11. <span word="This">This</span> <span word="type">type</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="ball">ball</span> <span word="pens">pens</span> <span word="writes">writes</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="colours">colours</span>.</p><p> 12. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="note">note</span> <span word="reads">reads</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="follows">follows</span> : </p><p> 另有些动词，虽有主动语态，但却常以被动形式出现，以便更加符合动词惯用法。例如：</p>
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