英语讲义【6】动词主语别忘了呼应
<p> 在《动词与主语必须呼应动词的运用有学问》一文里，谈到动词与主语呼应问题，并提出五个指导原则，以避免这方面的错误。但是指导归指导，错误还是像不速之客，如影随形，频频来访。在学生作业中，这种错误排列第一。其他场合也常见到动词与主语不搭配的语病。下面这广告第一句中的形容词分句里便出现了这种错误：</p><p> <span word="Dear">Dear</span> <span word="Owner">Owner</span>/<span word="Resident">Resident</span>, <span word="we">we</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="ready">ready</span> <span word="buyers">buyers</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="upgrading">upgrading</span>.</p><p> 根据英语语法规律，形容词分句（也叫定语从句，<span word="adjective">adjective</span> <span word="clause">clause</span>）里的动词必须和主句里的先行词（<span word="antecedent">antecedent</span>）呼应。先行词是单数，形容词分句中的动词便是单数；先行词是复数，形容词分句中的动词便是复数。例如：</p><p> ① <span word="Do">Do</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="woman">woman</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="walking">walking</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="dog">dog</span>?（陪狗散步）</p><p> ② <span word="Those">Those</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="performed">performed</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="tournament">tournament</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="rewarded">rewarded</span>.</p><p> 在①里，先行词 <span word="the">the</span> <span word="woman">woman</span> 是单数，形容词分句里的动词 <span word="is">is</span> 也是单数。反之，②里的先行词 <span word="those">those</span> 是复数，<span word="who">who</span> 后面的动词也是复数 <span word="have">have</span>.</p><p> 根据这原则，<span word="who">who</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="upgrading">upgrading</span> 中的 <span word="is">is</span> 便要改为 <span word="are">are</span> 了。</p><p> 动词与主语不呼应的错误比比皆是。除了上述例子外，常见的错误还有下面几种类型：</p><p> ③ <span word="Has">Has</span> <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Mrs">Mrs</span> <span word="Li">Li</span> <span word="decided">decided</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="emigrate">emigrate</span>?</p>
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