［动词的时态］过去完成时
<p> 1） 概念：表示过去的过去</p><p> ----|----------|--------|---- 其构成是<span word="had">had</span> +过去分词构成。</p><p> 那时以前 那时 现在</p><p> 2） 用法</p><p> <span word="a">a</span>. 在<span word="told">told</span>， <span word="said">said</span>， <span word="knew">knew</span>， <span word="heard">heard</span>， <span word="thought">thought</span>等动词后的宾语从句。例如：</p><p> <span word="She">She</span> <span word="said">said</span> （<span word="that">that</span>）<span word="she">she</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="never">never</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="Paris">Paris</span>. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。</p><p> <span word="b">b</span>. 状语从句</p><p> 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。例如：</p><p> <span word="When">When</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="police">police</span> <span word="arrived">arrived</span>， <span word="the">the</span> <span word="thieves">thieves</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="run">run</span> <span word="away">away</span>. 警察到达时，小偷们早就跑了。</p><p> <span word="c">c</span>. 表示意向的动词，如<span word="hope">hope</span>， <span word="wish">wish</span>， <span word="expect">expect</span>， <span word="think">think</span>， <span word="intend">intend</span>， <span word="mean">mean</span>， <span word="suppose">suppose</span>等，用过去完成时表示原本，未能.例如：</p><p> <span word="We">We</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="hoped">hoped</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="come">come</span>， <span word="but">but</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="didnt">didnt</span>. 那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来。</p><p> 3） 过去完成时的时间状语<span word="before">before</span>， <span word="by">by</span>， <span word="until">until</span> ， <span word="when">when</span>， <span word="after">after</span>， <span word="once">once</span>， <span word="as">as</span> <span word="soon">soon</span> <span word="as">as</span>.例如：</p><p> <span word="He">He</span> <span word="said">said</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="learned">learned</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="English">English</span> <span word="before">before</span>. 他说过他以前学过一些英语。</p><p> <span word="By">By</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="twelve">twelve</span>， <span word="Edison">Edison</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="began">began</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="living">living</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="himself">himself</span>. 到了十二岁那年，爱迪生开始自己谋生。</p><p> <span word="Tom">Tom</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="disappointed">disappointed</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="guests">guests</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="left">left</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="arrived">arrived</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="party">party</span>.</p>
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