中考地理第一轮总复习专题二：地图
<p><b><span>知识结构</span></b> </p><p><span>一、地图三要素</span> </p><p><span> </span><span>1</span><span>、地图的三要素是方向、比例尺、图例和注记</span> </p><p><span>2</span><span>、地图上有北（</span><span>N</span><span>）、南（</span><span>S</span><span>）、东（</span><span>E</span><span>）、西（</span><span>W</span><span>）四个基本方向，并在此基础上延伸出东北、东南、西北、西南四个方向</span> </p><p><span>3</span><span>、判断方向的方法包括一般定向法、指向标定向法、经纬网定向法</span> </p><p><span>①一般定向法用“上北下南左西右东”判断方向</span> </p><p><span>②指向标永远指向北方向</span><span> </span> </p><p><span>③经线指示南北方向，纬线指示东西方向</span> </p><p><span>4</span><span>、比例尺的计算公式是：比例尺</span><span>=</span><span>图上距离</span><span>/</span><span>实地距离</span><span></span> <span>实地距离</span><span>=</span><span>图上距离</span><span>/</span><span>比例尺</span> </p><p><span>5</span><span>、比例尺的表示方式主要有线段式、文字式、数字式三种</span> </p><p><span> </span> <span>线段式单位用米、千米；数字式单位统一为厘米；文字式表示为“图上</span><span>1</span><span>厘米等于实地距离</span><span>X</span><span>千米（或米）”</span> </p><p><span>6</span><span>、判断比例尺的大小与表示内容、范围之间的关系</span> </p><table><tbody><tr><td width="141" valign="top"><p align="center"><span>比例尺</span> </p></td><td width="197" valign="top"><p align="center"><span>大</span> </p></td><td width="197" valign="top"><p align="center"><span>小</span> </p></td></tr><tr><td width="141" valign="top"><p align="center"><span>分母大小</span> </p></td><td width="197" valign="top"><p align="center"><span>小</span> </p></td><td width="197" valign="top"><p align="center"><span>大</span> </p></td></tr><tr><td width="141" valign="top"><p align="center"><span>范围</span> </p></td><td width="197" valign="top"><p align="center"><span>小</span> </p></td><td width="197" valign="top"><p align="center"><span>大</span> </p></td></tr><tr><td width="141" valign="top"><p align="center"><span>内容</span> </p></td><td width="197" valign="top"><p align="center"><span>详细</span> </p></td><td width="197" valign="top"><p align="center"><span>简略</span> </p></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span>7</span><span>、利用比例尺计算实地距离与利用实地距离计算比例尺：均利用比例尺计算公式设</span><span>X</span><span>列方程</span> </p><p><span>8</span><span>、识记课本<span>P10</span>图<span>1-17</span>中主要的图例和注记，注意区分以下几组图例：①首都、重要城市、城镇②洲界、国界③铁路、公路④沼泽、沙漠</span> </p><p><span>二、等高线地形图判读</span> </p><p><span>1</span><span>、判断等高线地形图地形的方法</span> </p><p><span> </span> <span>山顶：等高线闭合，数值四周低，中间高，带有山顶符号</span> </p><p><span> </span> <span>盆地：等高线闭合，数值四周高，中间低，盆地易建设水库，坝址选择开口较小处</span><span>鞍部：两山之间较低的部分</span> </p><p><span> </span> <span>陡崖：数条等高线重合的地方</span> </p><p><span> </span> <span>山谷：一组等高线向高值弯曲，山谷处易形成河流</span><span>山脊：一组等高线向低值弯曲</span> </p><p><span>2</span><span>、等高线密集，坡度陡，等高线疏松，坡度缓；等高线与等高线之间等高距相等，实地距离不相等</span> </p><p><span>3</span><span>、分层设色地形图，绿色表示陆地，蓝色表示海洋，</span> </p><p><span></span> <span>黄色表示山地</span> </p><p><b><span>典型例题</span></b> </p><p><b><span>例<span>1</span>：（<span>2023</span>）读等高线图，回答<span>1</span>—<span>2</span>题</span></b> </p><p></p><p> </p><p><span>1</span><span>．图中①②③④四点中，可能位于河流中的是</span> </p><p><span>A</span><span>．①<span> B</span>．②<span> C</span>．③<span> D</span>．④</span> </p><p><span>2</span><span>．下列说法正确的是</span> </p><p><span>A</span><span>．图中最高峰的高度不超过<span>2023</span>米<span> B</span>．图中①、③两点的实际距离超过<span>2023</span>米</span> </p><p><span>C</span><span>．图中③点位于盆地中<span> D</span>．若①点的气温为<span>12</span>。<span>C</span>，则②点的气温约为<span>18</span>°<span>C</span></span> </p><p><b><span>例<span>2</span>：（<span>2023</span>）</span></b> <b><span>读山东半岛某地的等高线地形图，回答</span><span>7-8</span></b><b><span>题</span></b> </p><p></p><p> </p><p><span>7</span><span>．图中字母</span><span>C</span><span>代表的地形部位是</span> </p><p><span>A</span><span>．山谷</span><span> B</span><span>．鞍部</span><span> C</span><span>．山脊</span><span> D</span><span>．山顶</span> </p><p><span>8</span><span>．关于图示内容的描述，正确的是</span> </p><p><span>A</span><span>．月芽河是自西北流向东南</span> </p><p><span><span></span>B</span><span>．</span><span>A</span><span>山高出月芽河至少</span><span>700</span><span>米</span> </p><p><span>C</span><span>．月芽河的流量在夏秋季最大</span> </p><p><span>D</span><span>．沿</span><span>AB</span><span>线路登山比沿</span><span>AD</span><span>线路登山更容易些</span> </p><p><b><span>即时训练</span></b> </p><p><span>1</span><span>．</span><span>读“某地等高线地形图”，回答问题。</span> </p><p></p><p> </p><p><span>（<span>1</span>）<span>A</span>点的海拔高度是<u><span> </span></u> 米。</span> </p><p><span>（<span>2</span>）<span>B</span>处的地形部位是<u><span> </span></u> 。</span> </p><p><span>（<span>3</span>）图中所画的①、②、③三处河流中，有一处错误，应该是<u><span> </span></u> （填数码）。</span> </p><p><span>（<span>4</span>）图中甲、乙是两处村落，甲村落位于乙村落的 <u><span> </span></u>方向；若甲、乙两村落图上相距<span>5</span>厘米，那么，两村落的实地距离是</span><u><span> </span></u><span>千米。</span> </p><p><span>2</span><span>．读“某地等高线图”及瀑布景观图，回答下列问题：</span> </p><p></p><p> </p><p><span>（<span>1</span>）图中阴影区域是一村庄，该村庄所处的地形类型是<u><span> </span></u>。</span> </p><p><span>（<span>2</span>）乙地相对于<span>B</span>山顶的的高度是</span><u><span> </span></u><span>米。</span> </p><p><span>（<span>3</span>）图中甲、乙、丙、丁四点可能出现瀑布的是<u><span> </span></u> 。</span> </p><p><span>（<span>4</span>）若图中<span>A</span>、<span>B</span>两个山顶的距离是<span>5</span>厘米，根据图上比例尺，计算<span>A</span>、<span>B</span>两地的实际距离是<u><span> </span></u>千米。</span> </p><p><span>3.</span><span>读图，完成下列各题</span> </p><p></p><p> </p><p><span>（<span>1</span>）此图根据<u><span> </span></u> 确定方向，小河的流向是向</span><span><u> </u></span><span>方向流</span> </p><p><span>（<span>2</span>）该图的比例尺是<span>1</span>：<span>202300</span>，公路<span>AB</span>段的实地距</span><span>离约是</span><u><span> </span></u> <span>千米</span> </p><p><span>（<span>3</span>）村庄<span>b</span>在<span>c</span>的<u><span> </span></u> 方向</span> </p><p><span> </span></p><p>本文章来源于优学地理网，更多地理复习资料请继续关注。<span></span> </p>
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