中考地理第一轮总复习专题一：地球
<p><b><span>知识结构</span></b> </p><p><span>一、地球</span> </p><p><span> 1</span><span>、形状：两极稍扁、赤道略鼓的不规则球体</span> </p><p><span>证明地球是球体的事例：</span><span>麦哲伦环球航行、日月食、先看到船的桅杆再看到船身</span> </p><p><span> 2</span><span>、大小：地球的表面积约</span><span>5.1</span><span>亿平方千米，平均半径约</span><span>2023</span><span>千米，赤道周长约</span><span>4</span><span>万千米</span> </p><p><span>二、地球仪</span> </p><p><span> 1</span><span>、经纬线</span> </p><table align="left"><tbody><tr><td width="79"><p><span> </span> </p></td><td width="228"><p align="center"><b><span>纬线</span></b> </p></td><td width="252"><p align="center"><b><span>经线</span></b> </p></td></tr><tr><td width="79"><p align="center"><b><span>形状</span></b> </p></td><td width="228"><p align="center"><span>圆</span> </p></td><td width="252"><p align="center"><span>半圆</span> </p></td></tr><tr><td width="79"><p align="center"><b><span>长度</span></b> </p></td><td width="228"><p align="center"><span>不相等</span> </p></td><td width="252"><p align="center"><span>相等</span> </p></td></tr><tr><td width="79"><p align="center"><b><span>指示方向</span></b> </p></td><td width="228"><p align="center"><span>东西</span> </p></td><td width="252"><p align="center"><span>南北</span> </p></td></tr><tr><td width="79"><p align="center"><b><span>起点</span></b> </p></td><td width="228"><p align="center"><span>赤道（</span><span>0</span><span>°纬线）</span> </p></td><td width="252"><p align="center"><span>本初子午线（</span><span>0</span><span>°经线）</span> </p></td></tr><tr><td width="79"><p align="center"><b><span>度数划分</span></b> </p></td><td width="228"><p align="center"><span>赤道划分南北纬度</span> </p></td><td width="252"><p align="center"><span>0</span><span>°</span><span>180</span><span>°划分东西经度</span> </p></td></tr><tr><td width="79"><p align="center"><b><span>半球划分</span></b> </p></td><td width="228"><p align="center"><span>赤道划分南北半球</span> </p></td><td width="252"><p align="center"><span>20</span><span>°</span><span>W</span> <span>160</span><span>°</span><span>E</span><span>划分东西半球</span> </p></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span><br /></span> </p><p><span><br /></span> </p><p><span><br /></span> </p><p><span><br /></span> </p><p><span><br /></span> </p><p><span><br /></span> </p><p><span><br /></span> </p><p><span><br /></span> </p><p><span><br /></span> </p><p><span><br /></span> </p><p><span>判断经纬线，超过</span><span>90</span><span>°的是经线，都不超过</span><span>90</span><span>°时，横线是纬线，纵线是经线</span> </p><p><span>东西半球的判断：</span> </p></p><p><span> </span> <p><span>2</span><span>、经纬度</span> </p><p><span>①纬线长度变化规律：由赤道向南北两极纬线长度逐渐缩短，并在南北两极各汇成一个点</span> </p><p><span>②纬度的变化规律：由赤道向南北两极纬度逐渐增加，最大到</span><span>90</span><span>°（</span><span>1.1-6</span><span>）</span> </p><p><span>③经度的变化规律：由</span><span>0</span><span>°经线向东向西经度逐渐增大，最大到</span><span>180</span><span>°，并在</span><span>180</span><span>°合成一条经线（</span><span>1.1-5</span><span>）</span> </p><p><span> </span></p><p> </p><p><span>④赤道以北称北纬，以南称南纬，</span><span>0</span><span>°经线以东称东经，以西称西经，</span><span>180</span><span>°经线以东称西经，以西称东经</span> </p><p><span>⑤判断南北纬、东西经，就看度数向哪个方向增加，向北增加为北纬，向南增加为南纬，向东增加为东经，向西增加为西经</span> </p><p><span>⑥</span><span>能够构成经线圈的两条经线度数之和是</span><span>180</span><span>°，且一条经线是东经，另一条经线是西经</span> </p><p><span>⑦</span><span>0</span><span>°</span><span>~30</span><span>°为低纬度地区，</span><span>30</span><span>°</span><span>~60</span><span>°为中纬度地区，</span><span>60</span><span>°</span><span>~90</span><span>°为高纬度地区</span> </p><p><span>⑧识记下列重要的经纬线名称和经纬度</span> </p><p><span>0</span><span>°经线：本初子午线，通过英国伦敦格林尼治天文台旧址</span><span> 0</span><span>°纬线：赤道</span> </p><p><span>南北回归线：</span><span>23.5</span><span>°</span><span> </span><span>南北极圈：</span><span>66.5</span><span>°</span><span> </span> <span>两极</span><span>90</span><span>°</span> </p><p><span>三、经纬网</span> </p><p><span> 1</span><span>、如何根据经纬度找到一个点：找到经纬度所在的经线和纬线，经线和纬线的交点即这个点</span> </p><p><span>2</span><span>、如何找到一个点的坐标：找到通过这个点的经线与纬线，经线和纬线的经纬度即为这个点的坐标</span> </p><p><span>例：</span><span>（<span>1</span>）北纬<span>20°</span>，西经<span>40°</span>是指图<span>1.1</span>－<span>9</span>中的哪个点？</span> </p><p><span>（<span>2</span>）图<span>1.1</span>－<span>9</span>中的<span>B</span>点的经纬度数是<u><span> </span></u> ，<u><span> </span></u> 。</span> </p><p align="center"><span> </span></p><p> </p><br /><p align="center"><span>图<span>1.1-9</span>经纬网图</span> </p><p><span>四、地球的运动</span> </p><p><span> 1</span><span>、概况</span> </p><table><tbody><tr><td width="84" valign="top"><p align="center"><span> </span> </p></td><td width="210" valign="top"><p align="center"><b><span>自转</span></b> </p></td><td width="209" valign="top"><p align="center"><b><span>公转</span></b> </p></td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top"><p align="center"><b><span>绕转中心</span></b> </p></td><td width="210" valign="top"><p align="center"><span>地轴</span> </p></td><td width="209" valign="top"><p align="center"><span>太阳</span> </p></td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top"><p align="center"><b><span>方向</span></b> </p></td><td width="210" valign="top"><p align="center"><span>自西向东</span> </p></td><td width="209" valign="top"><p align="center"><span>自西向东</span> </p></td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top"><p align="center"><b><span>周期</span></b> </p></td><td width="210" valign="top"><p align="center"><span>一天（<span>24</span>小时）</span> </p></td><td width="209" valign="top"><p align="center"><span>一年</span> </p></td></tr><tr><td width="84"><p align="center"><b><span>产生现象</span></b> </p></td><td width="210" valign="top"><p align="center"><span>昼夜交替、时间差异</span> </p><p align="center"><span>日月星辰东升西落</span> </p></td><td width="209"><p align="center"><span>四季变化</span> </p><p align="center"><span>五代划分</span> </p></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span> 2</span><span>、公转</span> </p><p><span> </span></p><p> </p><p><span>①在上图中适当的位置画出地球自转、公转的方向</span> </p><p><span>②</span><span>D</span><span>这一天是夏至，</span><span>6</span><span>月</span><span>22</span><span>日，太阳直射在北回归线，北半球昼长夜短，且北半球昼最长、夜最短，北极圈以内出现极昼现象，南半球反之，夏季指</span><span>6</span><span>、</span><span>7</span><span>、</span><span>8</span><span>三个月</span> </p><p><span>③</span><span>A</span><span>这一天是秋分，</span><span>9</span><span>月</span><span>23</span><span>日</span><span>，太阳直射在赤道，此时全球昼夜平分，秋季指</span><span>9</span><span>、</span><span>10</span><span>、</span><span>11</span><span>三个月</span> </p><p><span>④</span><span>B</span><span>这一天是冬至，</span><span>12</span><span>月</span><span>22</span><span>日，太阳直射在南回归线，北半球昼短夜长，且昼最短、夜最长，北极圈以内出现极夜现象，南半球反之，冬季指</span><span>12</span><span>、</span><span>1</span><span>、</span><span>2</span><span>三个月</span> </p><p><span>⑤</span><span>C</span><span>这一天是春分，</span><span>3</span><span>月</span><span>21</span><span>日</span><span>，太阳直射在赤道，此时全球昼夜平分，春季指</span><span>3</span><span>、</span><span>4</span><span>、</span><span>5</span><span>三个月</span> </p><p><span>3</span><span>、人们根据各地获得太阳光热的多少，将地球表面划分为五带，其中，寒带（极圈以内）特有的现象是极昼极夜，热带（南北回归线之间）特有的现象是太阳直射，温带（回归线与极圈之间）则表现出明显的四季变化</span> </p><p><span>4</span><span>、太阳照射到地面上的角度叫做太阳高度角，太阳直射点角度最大，为</span><span>90</span><span>°，由太阳直射点向南北两侧角度逐渐减小，太阳直射点在南北回归线之间有规律的运动，太阳直射在哪个半球，哪个半球昼长夜短，直射点越靠近北回归线，北半球昼越长、夜越短，南半球反之。</span> </p><p><span> </span></p><p> </p><p><b><span>典型试题</span></b> </p><p><span>【例<span>1</span>】地球上既位于东半球、又属于西经度的范围是</span> </p><p><span>A.0°</span><span>向东至<span>100°E B.0°</span>向东至<span>180°</span></span> </p><p><span>C.180°</span><span>向西至<span>160°E D.0°</span>向西至<span>20°W</span></span> </p><p><span>【例<span>2</span>】甲乙两人以相同速度从南极同时出发，分别沿东经<span>40°</span>和西经<span>40°</span>向北前进，发生的情况有</span> </p><p><span>A.</span><span>他们在北极相遇<span> B.</span>在赤道上他们之间相距最近</span> </p><p><span>C.</span><span>他们之间的距离始终不变<span> D.</span>他们可能在南极再相会</span> </p><p><span>【例<span>3</span>】 某地以东是西半球，以西是东半球，以北是北半球，以南是南半球，该地的地理位置是</span> </p><p><span>A.</span><span>西经<span>20°</span>和赤道的交点<span> B.</span>东经<span>160°</span>和赤道的交点</span> </p><p><span>C.</span><span>经度<span>0°</span>和赤道的交点<span> D.</span>经度<span>180°</span>和赤道的交点</span> </p><p><span>【例<span>4</span>】 一个人要想在最短时间内跨越所有的经线，他应选择的地点是</span> </p><p><span>A.O°</span><span>纬线上<span> B.O°</span>经线上<span> C.</span>北纬<span>90° D.</span>南极点</span> </p><p><b><span>即时训练</span></b> </p><p><span> 1</span><span>、在日常生活中，能够说明大地是球形的自然现象是</span> </p><p><span> A.</span><span>太阳东升西落</span><span> B.</span><span>站得高，看得远</span> </p><p><span> C.</span><span>水往低处流</span><span> D.</span><span>日全食</span> </p><p><span> 2</span><span>、地球仪上的纬线</span> </p><p><span> A.</span><span>指示南北方向</span><span> B.</span><span>长度相等</span><span> C.</span><span>都是半圆</span><span> D.</span><span>有无数条</span> </p><p><span> 3</span><span>、地球仪上的经线</span> </p><p><span> A.</span><span>都是圆</span><span> B.</span><span>长度相等</span><span> C.</span><span>指示东西方向</span><span> D.</span><span>与纬线斜交</span> </p><p><span> 4</span><span>、在地球仪上，</span><span>0°</span><span>经线与</span><span>0°</span><span>纬线相比</span> </p><p><span> A.</span><span>正好相等</span><span> B.O°</span><span>纬线是</span><span>0°</span><span>经线长度的两倍</span> </p><p><span> C.0°</span><span>纬线稍长</span><span> D.0°</span><span>经线稍长</span> </p><p><span> 5</span><span>、经度和纬度都是零的地点，位于</span> </p><p><span> A.</span><span>东半球</span><span> B.</span><span>西半球</span><span> C.</span><span>南半球</span><span> D.</span><span>北半球</span> </p><p><span> 6</span><span>、下列地点中，既位北于半球，又位于东半球的地点是</span> </p><p><span> A.40°N</span><span>、</span><span>16°E B.30°N</span><span>、</span><span>161°E</span> </p><p><span> C.20°S</span><span>、</span><span>120°E D</span><span>．</span><span>80°N</span><span>、</span><span>159°W</span> </p><p><span> 7</span><span>、在地球仪上纬度为</span><span>40°</span><span>，经度为</span><span>180°</span><span>的点有几个</span> </p><p><span> A.1</span><span>个</span><span> B.2</span><span>个</span><span> C.3</span><span>个</span><span> D.4</span><span>个</span> </p><p><span> 8</span><span>、下列叙述正确的是</span> </p><p><span> A.</span><span>东经度都在东半球</span><span> B.180</span><span>度经线既不在东半球，也不在西半球</span> </p><p><span> C.</span><span>东经</span><span>170</span><span>度在西经</span><span>170</span><span>度以东</span><span> D.</span><span>本初子午线是东西经度的分界线，位于东半球</span> </p><p><span> 9</span><span>、关于赤道的叙述正确的是</span> </p><p><span> A.</span><span>赤道是地球上最长的经线</span><span> B.</span><span>赤道是地球仪上的</span><span>0°</span><span>经线</span> </p><p><span> C.</span><span>赤道把地球平分为南北两个半球</span><span> D.</span><span>赤道把地球平分为东西两个半球</span> </p><p><span> 10</span><span>、从赤道上某一点，向北走</span><span>100</span><span>千米，再向东、向南、向西依次走</span><span>100</span><span>千米，此时该人位于</span> </p><p><span> A.</span><span>原出发点</span><span> B.</span><span>原出发点正北</span><span> C.</span><span>原出发点正东</span><span> D.</span><span>原出发点正西</span> </p><p><span> 11.</span><span>读图</span><span>1.1</span><span>－</span><span>13</span><span>，回答：</span> </p></p><p> <p><span> (1)</span><span>写出图中</span><span>A</span><span>、</span><span>B</span><span>、</span><span>C</span><span>三点的经纬度：</span><span>A</span><span>．</span><u><span> </span></u> <span>；</span><span>B<u> </u></span> <span>．</span><span>C</span><span>．</span><u><span> </span></u> <span> </span><span>。</span> </p><p><span> (2)</span><span>从东西半球看：</span><span>B<u> </u></span> <span>半球；</span><span>C<u> </u></span> <span>半球。</span> </p><p><span> 12.</span><span>读南半球部分区域经纬网图（如图</span><span>1.1</span><span>－</span><span>15</span><span>所示），回答下列问题：</span> </p><p></p><p> </p><p><span> (1)</span><span>图中的经纬度</span><span>A</span><span>是</span><u><span> </span></u> <span>，</span><span>D</span><span>是</span><u><span> </span></u> <span>。</span> </p><p><span> (2)B</span><span>点属于东、西半球的</span><u><span> </span></u> <span>半球。</span> </p><p><span>（</span><span>3</span><span>）</span><span>C</span><span>点的经纬度是</span><u><span> </span></u> <span>。</span> </p><p>本文章来源于优学地理网，更多地理复习资料请继续关注。<span></span> </p>
页:
[1]