发生在肺内的气体交换教学设计
<p> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">本文由优学生物网为您整理提供：</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"><b style="line-height: 16.2pt; text-indent: 21pt;">教学目标：</b></p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">1、知识目标：</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">（1）概述肺与外界的气体交换和肺泡与血液的气体交换过程。</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">（2）通过测量胸围差，感知呼吸时胸廓容积的变化；通过演示实验说明胸廓容积变化与气体进出的关系。 </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">2、能力目标：</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">通过实验和资料分析提高观察、判断、推理以及科学探究能力。</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">3、情感目标：</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> 通过分析同学之间胸围差的差异，认同体育锻炼的重要性。 </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"><b>教学重点：</b></p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"><b> </b></p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">1．外界气体如何进出肺，肺内的二氧化碳如何排出。</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">2．肺泡与血液的气体交换过程。</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"><b>教学难点：</b></p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"><b> </b></p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">1．正确掌握测量胸围差的方法。</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">2．通过模拟实验，找出胸廓容积的变化与呼吸的关系。</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"><b>教学过程：</b></p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"><b> </b></p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> 我们每个人一来到人世间就离不开空气，需要不断呼吸，外界的空气经过呼吸道的处理后是如何进入肺部的？在肺中发生怎样的变化？气体又是如何达到全身各处的？这节课我们就一起来学习这部分内容。</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"><b>一、肺与外界的气体交换</b></p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"><b> </b></p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">教师出示多媒体画面，让学生观看肺的位置结构图，说出肺是呼吸系统的主要器官，位于胸腔内，肺有节奏地呼气和吸气，每分钟大约呼吸16次。</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">请同学们用手按在胸部两侧，深深地吸气，细心地体会一下自己在吸气和呼气时胸廓的变化及肋骨如何运动，在此基础上小组进行讨论交流，得出结论：当深吸气时，肋骨向上向外运动，胸廓扩大；当深呼气时，肋骨向下向内运动，胸廓变小。</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">刚才同学们仅凭感官感觉到的现象得出的结论是不是准确呢？是否与科学事实相符呢？我们可以采用什么方法借助什么工具进行准确的测量呢？</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">学生实验：测量胸围差，用数据证明胸廓容积的变化。</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">测量方法：三人一组（男女分开）、设计表格，做好记录。为了数据准确，应测定三次，取平均值，然后计算胸围差。</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">学生讨论：</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">1．你的胸围差明显吗？同年龄同性别的同学胸围差有差别吗？如果有差别,原因是什么？</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">2．胸围差能完全代表胸腔容积的变化吗？除胸廓前后径、左右径的变化外，还可能有什么变化影响胸廓的容积？</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">教师指导学生对实验数据进行分析讨论后得出结论。</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">教师演示模拟膈肌的运动实验，学生讨论：小气球代表什么？橡皮膜代表什么？气球在什么情况下涨大？在什么情况下回缩？</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">然后播放多媒体，演示肋间肌的收缩和舒张，膈肌的收缩和舒张。让学生仔细观察它们的运动，并进行讨论：</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">1、呼吸运动时，主要有哪些肌肉的收缩、舒张引起了胸廓容积的变化？在呼吸肌收缩和舒张时，胸廓容积发生了怎样的变化？</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">2、随着胸廓容积的变化，肺的容积发生了怎样的变化？</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">3、是肺容积的变化导致了气体的吸入和呼出吗？</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">4、请尝试完成下表：</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: black 1px solid; WIDTH: 569px; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; HEIGHT: 70px; MARGIN-LEFT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: black 1px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-RIGHT: black 1px solid"><tbody><tr><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 44.65pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" valign="top" width="60"><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 59.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" valign="top" width="79"><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">肋间肌</p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 59.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" valign="top" width="79"><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">膈肌</p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 59.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" valign="top" width="79"><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">胸腔容积</p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 59.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" valign="top" width="79"><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">肺容积</p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 59.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" valign="top" width="79"><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">肺内气压</p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 43.5pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" valign="top" width="58"><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">气体</p></td></tr><tr><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 44.65pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" valign="top" width="60"><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">吸气</p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 59.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" valign="top" width="79"><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 59.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" valign="top" width="79"><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 59.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" valign="top" width="79"><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 59.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" valign="top" width="79"><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 59.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" valign="top" width="79"><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 43.5pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" valign="top" width="58"><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p></td></tr><tr><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 44.65pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" valign="top" width="60"><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">呼气</p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 59.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" valign="top" width="79"><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 59.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" valign="top" width="79"><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 59.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" valign="top" width="79"><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 59.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" valign="top" width="79"><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 59.05pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" valign="top" width="79"><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 43.5pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" valign="top" width="58"><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p></td></tr></tbody></table><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">学生分析、归纳肺与外界气体交换的原理和过程：呼吸肌的收缩和舒张，使胸廓扩大和缩小，引起肺被动地扩张和回缩，形成肺内气压与大气压之间的压力差，才使气体能够进出肺泡。</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">最后师生共同总结：吸气时，肋骨间的肌肉收缩，胸廓的前后径、左右径增大；同时膈肌收缩，膈顶部下降，胸廓的上下径也增大，胸腔容积变大，肺随着扩张，肺内气压缩小，气体入肺；呼气时正好相反。</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">学生讨论：古代有些女子将胸部和腰部束得很紧，以保持苗条身材，但是呼吸受到影响，体质下降。为什么？</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">气体到达肺部以后发生什么变化？又是如何到达全身各处的呢？下面我们来研究这方面的内容。</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"><b>二、肺泡与血液的气体交换</b></p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"><b> </b></p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">妈妈在厨房里炒菜，我们在外面就能闻到饭菜的香味，这是因为香味能由近及远地飘，即由浓度高的地方向浓度低的地方扩散。氧气和二氧化碳也是这样，总是由多的地方向少的地方扩散，直到平衡为止，</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.4pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"><span style="LETTER-SPACING: 0.1pt">指导学生自学阅读“资料分析”，比较分析表格中的数据，然后讨论以下问题：</span></p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.4pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">1．甲、乙瓶中石灰水的浑浊程度不同说明了什么？</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">2．在实验装置中，为什么要设置甲瓶？</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">3．人体呼出的气体和环境中的气体有什么差别？为什么会有这样的差别？</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">学生思考后分组讨论、互相补充后作答：</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">1．甲瓶中石灰水的浑浊程度小，说明空气中的二氧化碳的含量较少；乙瓶中石灰水的浑浊程度大，说明人呼出的气体中含有较多的二氧化碳。</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">2．在实验中，甲瓶是这个实验的对照组，起到对照的作用。</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">3．从数据表中看出：人体吸入的空气中，二氧化碳的含量较少，氧气的含量较多；呼出的气体中，二氧化碳的含量较多，氧气含量较少。由此可以推测，在人体内也发生了类似植物呼吸作用一样的过程。根据对呼吸道和肺的结构的分析，可以推断这一变化发生在肺部。</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">最后师生总结：呼出气体中的氧含量，少于吸入气体中的氧含量；呼出气体中的二氧化碳含量，多于吸入气体中的二氧化碳含量。这与体内进行气体交换有关。肺与什么结构与这一功能相适应呢？</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">多媒体展示肺泡的结构，让学生仔细观察肺泡有哪些结构特点适合进行气体交换。引导学生总结出：肺泡的数量很多，肺泡外包绕着丰富的毛细血管，肺泡壁和毛细血管壁都很薄，都是一层扁平的上皮细胞，肺泡这样的特点很适合与血液之间进行气体交换。</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">教师播放多媒体，展示“肺泡与血液之间的气体交换”动画，学生讨论总结出肺泡内的气体交换是二氧化碳由血液进入肺泡，氧由肺泡进入血液。</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">那么由肺泡扩散到血液里的氧，怎样到达全身各处的组织细胞里？学生思考后回答进入血液中的氧，通过血液循环输送到全身各处的组织细胞。氧最后是在细胞中的什么部位被利用？学生联系呼吸作用的有关知识回答。</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"><b>巩固小结：</b>学生交流本节课所学的知识，并用知识树或网络的形式进行总结。</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"><b>训练设计：</b></p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"><b> </b></p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">1．呼吸系统的主要器官是（）</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">A．鼻B．咽C．气管D．肺</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">2．人体主要的呼吸肌是（）</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">A．腹部肌肉B．肋骨间肌肉和膈肌</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">C．胸部肌肉D．背部肌肉</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">3．人的肺泡外缠绕着毛细血管网，肺泡壁和毛细血管壁都很薄，这有利于（）</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">A．气体在血液里运输 B．血液与肺泡之间的气体交换</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">C．肺与外界的气体交换 D．增加肺内气体交换的面积</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">4．某夫妇被怀疑害死了一女婴，法医在鉴定时将死婴的肺部剪下一块，投入水中，结果肺块下沉，法医判断婴儿为产前死亡，这对夫妇无罪。法医判定的理由是( )</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">A．肺泡内充满了痰液B．肺会吸水呈海面状</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">C．肺泡充满了血液D．肺未吸入空气呈实体状</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">5．人体生理活动中，呼出的二氧化碳产生的地方（ ）</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">A．肺泡 B．血液 C．细胞 D．组织液</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">6．平静呼吸时肺内气压升高的原因和结果（ ）</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">A．呼吸肌舒张，肺回缩 呼气 B．呼吸肌收缩，肺扩张 吸气</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">C．呼吸肌收缩，肺回缩 呼气 D．呼吸肌舒张，肺扩张 吸气</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">7．下列与吸气无关的活动是（ ）</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">A．肋间肌收缩 B．肋骨上升、外移 C．膈肌舒张 D．胸廓扩大</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">8．进入血液的氧，通过血液循环输送到全身各处的组织细胞内的什么部位被利用?（ ）</p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char"> </p><p align="left" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 16.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char">A.细胞核 B．细胞质 C．叶绿体 D．线粒体</p>
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