广东省2021届中考化学试卷
※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：容易<br>下列成语中不涉及化学变化的是( )<br>A.星火燎原 B.披荆斩棘 C.死灰复燃 D.百炼成钢<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/0a41595d067448e583fc18219529ccc2/76900E09FAB5EBA344B8EA84E844FF07.png"><br>解析<br>略<br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：容易<br>运输氢氧化钠固体的包装箱上应张贴的标识是( )<br>A.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/F7A417BC9743F17DDC5B26023FEB5AD9.png"><br>B.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/7CC85AAD9D2DB3F31DCC2BC2C189C90D.png"><br>C.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/44D97A39C95D5DDCF0280891994E910A.png"><br>D.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/145222337F16B285651F87BB70831E96.png"><br><br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/8890780a8a6f488abd03e54110883cf5/E7F0EDF83F40244C8F0C84B97471AED6.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/0e64bda00d1949128071208ba63890c6/274C8D42DB0FABE5D8CAD3CFF55FA329.png"><br><br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：容易<br>下列不属于空气质量指数(简称AQI)中污染物监测范砖的是( )<br>A.CO<br>B.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/AB50DA95A0B1CD0D07E552BEDF604CD5.png"><br>C.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/D350503FAEB172B50F09D85EB5C5B0A3.png"><br>D.PM2.5<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/afd04b8909f44bf787af111ef9a8fec7/06CA09E70C17EF8BA2D3B8C70D693953.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/b9264168056d4b67b0035eccad3a2471/B3A2C0E64E744CE415ECF7EE651E6FBF.png"><br><br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：较易<br>水是一切生命赖以生存的根本。下列说法正确的是( )<br>A.自然界中的水都是纯水<br>B.生活污水应集中处理排放<br>C.肥皂遇到软水易起浮渣<br>D.水由氧原子和氢分子组成<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/b652ebd285da4647856f39d47649bfdd/76900E09FAB5EBA344B8EA84E844FF07.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/8f4279ffdd084a46936d154e2f36f2b6/49CA843B992F25658268B5DC0DEC8765.png"><br><br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：容易<br>在测定锌、铟等元素的相对原子质量方面做出卓越献的中国科学家是( )<br>A.杨振宁 B.屠呦呦 C.侯德榜 D.张青莲<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/3ca7450d9a0245e1880be6f074426d97/01A39E48B8A67989A23F6887F26FCC64.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/a9e98d56ad594810a1c05f6b87096fcc/55C94E8F58DE7F6E293CA3BBBF6EFBF1.png"><br><br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：容易<br>大气平流层中的臭氧(<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/D4C5BB6900DD1B4D2198380F5830F64C.png"><br>)能吸收大部分紫外线,保护地球生物,臭氧属于( )<br>A.纯净物 B.混合物 C.氧化物 D.化合物<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/dc8de83803fb4c9d86e65f6c54866a56/E7F0EDF83F40244C8F0C84B97471AED6.png"><br>解析<br>略<br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：较易<br>如图是某番茄无土栽培营养液的配方,其中属于磷肥的是( )<br><tbody><br>番茄无土栽培营养液配方(用量单位:mg/L)<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/9088F9111F1A003D21C1331598B3FA03.png"><br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/1CFF43809F6C2D79C36F586035418A0A.png"><br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/490D2448912FDAA82DEDD28BCF750A33.png"><br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/3D33591E531D2B5378585DA0A7398BB5.png"><br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/53A79A3873D40B8B41BC7D76BC346C4A.png"><br>492<br>590<br>606<br>153<br>2.86<br></tbody><br>A.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/9088F9111F1A003D21C1331598B3FA03.png"><br>B.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/1CFF43809F6C2D79C36F586035418A0A.png"><br>C.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/490D2448912FDAA82DEDD28BCF750A33.png"><br>D.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/3D33591E531D2B5378585DA0A7398BB5.png"><br><br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/ce256f7a22184ce4be3899e07add1c1b/01A39E48B8A67989A23F6887F26FCC64.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/031443ad94a046d783ce00156afc7507/7B278AEBE4B8440F941F7CF625E78677.png"><br><br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：较易<br>实验室配制质量分数为6%的NaCl溶液,除托盘天平、玻璃棒、药匙、量筒、胶头滴管外,还需要的仪器是( )<br>A.烧杯 B.酒精灯 C.铁架台 D.蒸发皿<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/47b1d567eb30413795d9a4a7670241fd/E7F0EDF83F40244C8F0C84B97471AED6.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/47591700a91e4e77ab9c04163fe37bad/BDE9F899478DC70130F76DE68A794D0C.png"><br><br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：较易<br>牛奶中能促进骨骼生长和牙齿坚固的化学元素是( )<br>A.钠 B.铁 C.钙 D.锌<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/88bb6518842e436ab635ab0f6175ed5d/06CA09E70C17EF8BA2D3B8C70D693953.png"><br>解析<br>略<br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：中等<br>幸福需要辛勤的劳动来创造。下列劳动项目与所涉及的化学知识不相符的是( )<br><tbody><br>选项<br>劳动项目<br>化学知识<br>A<br>用发酵粉培制糕点<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/743D3410664D37284FBC47CDC4BA58AB.png"><br>能产生<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/7002435560602C62060BA723DC55D86C.png"><br>B<br>用布擦干淋湿的自行车<br>铁部件潮湿易生锈<br>C<br>用食醋清除水壶内壁的水垢<br>醋酸能与水垢反应<br>D<br>利用活性炭自制简易净水器<br>活性炭具有还原性<br></tbody><br>A.A B.B C.C D.D<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/b47beb3eed094c6fabe8a73df7158103/01A39E48B8A67989A23F6887F26FCC64.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/e32a993174aa4aeb9cce018eb2aa166b/C692E2CED506C7B41007F6BB007DF401.png"><br><br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：较易<br>2021年3月,三星堆遗址出士了黄金面具残片,结合如图,下列说法正确的是( )<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/3282E8FC131D945F93C164378BC5FA89.png"><br>A.金的元素符号是AU<br>B.金原子的质子数是79<br>C.金原子的核外电子数是118<br>D.金的相对原子质量是197.0g<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/e15ad3218a2843b794def8973abe868b/76900E09FAB5EBA344B8EA84E844FF07.png"><br>解析<br>略<br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：中等<br>如图是硼酸的溶解度曲线,下列说法正确的是( )<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/6F43A550459DCD8F2D7B2E55E55DEAA7.png"><br>A.a点的硼酸溶液中溶质的质量分数为10%<br>B.将a点的硼酸溶液升温至<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/F6E20041569242D29171C620FDA4DDBB.png"><br>时,仍是饱和溶液<br>C.将b点的硼酸溶液降温至<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/427B1B5C2818448CE85E00E7373466A3.png"><br>时,有晶体析出<br>D.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/F6E20041569242D29171C620FDA4DDBB.png"><br>时,向50g水中加入20g硼酸后充分搅拌,可得70g溶液<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/ef91d02eaf9c4d6797fb06fe737c8f35/06CA09E70C17EF8BA2D3B8C70D693953.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/0b8566262da54e1b88445faf7548adca/49F0B867F39085394676C5B610298DA3.png"><br><br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：较易<br>科研人员制备了一种纳米催化剂,二氧化碳和水在其表面发生反应的微观示意图如图,下列说法正确的是( )<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/DC5965FAED234F08EF99FF44D349BE3D.png"><br>A.两种反应物的分子个数比为1:1<br>B.生成物<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/7FF0DFFCA183CD93534B3217BFEA0F12.png"><br>的化学式是<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/3158F8BFFC65BEB0E71A752F63B65595.png"><br>C.催化剂的化学性质在反应前后发生变化<br>D.原子的种类和数目在反应前后都发生变化<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/4234f92f4c194c2b8d5449a127c01908/76900E09FAB5EBA344B8EA84E844FF07.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/875c07d719df471da1e0858ccdc6adff/94EBB81F285334B0EE161EA653249CA7.png"><br><br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：中等<br>鉴别、除杂是重要的实验技能,下列实验设计能达到实验目的的是( )<br><tbody><br>选项<br>实验目的<br>实验设计<br>A<br>去除铁粉中的碳粉<br>在足量的氧气中灼烧<br>B<br>鉴别CO与<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/3FD11E2AFC06B1D240106659D73AE871.png"><br>分别点燃,观察火焰颜色<br>C<br>去除粗盐中难溶性杂质<br>溶解、过滤、蒸发<br>D<br>鉴别<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/12F5C4AC564AD3765E56094E20CC81FF.png"><br>溶液与<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/A69E6A94FE0EEB91B15080F6EB9DA283.png"><br>溶液<br>分别滴加稀硫酸<br></tbody><br>A.A B.B C.C D.D<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/c6f45ed9a8eb41c5969fa807063b66c6/06CA09E70C17EF8BA2D3B8C70D693953.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/ebde1973d654403ab6e162aa61bbb618/88E5D56021B423DDD1FC70E1695C2463.png"><br><br>※题型：填空题※知识点：填空题※试题难度：中等<br>2021<br>年<br>月,<br>“<br>天问一号<br>”<br>搭载<br>祝融号<br>火星车成功着陆火星。<br>1.火星车使用的新型镁锂合金属于__________(填“金属”或“复合”)材料,实现了探测器的轻量化。<br>2.火星车热控材料——纳米气凝胶的主要成分是二氧化硅,化学式为__________,其中硅元素的化合价为___________。3.火星车集热窗内装有正十一烷(<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/306F9AD83308525412AE48810E1DDC7D.png"><br>),此物质属于___________(填“无机物”或“有机物”),其中碳、氢元素的质量比为___________。4.火星车的动力来源于太阳能,人类正在利用和开发的新能源还有___________(写一种)。<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/1e6a197787044b2e8c65743a56042922/AE416679B7F63E41AD51C0297A286037.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/883ea7a225764ad1ab4167a18bbf6712/8EE4BDD01630899AE3D4C670B18B83CF.png"><br><br>※题型：填空题※知识点：填空题※试题难度：较易<br>诗人陆游的笔记中记载<br>“<br>书灯勿用铜盏,想瓷盏最省油,蜀中有夹瓷盏<br>…<br>可省油之半<br>”“<br>一端作小窍,注清冷水于其中,每夕<br>一<br>易之<br>”<br>,夹<br>瓷盏被<br>称为省油灯,用棉绳做炷(灯芯),上层盏盛油,下层盏盛水。其结构示意图如图。<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/EDC62253FC8DCFF2B8FFB776A4659870.png"><br>1.图中属于可燃物的是_________和_________,这是燃烧的_________个条件之一。2.省油灯的原理是:油燃烧___________,上层内盏油温___________,下层盏内水吸热,减少油的___________,以达到省油的目的。3.“注清冷水于其中,每夕一易之”说明下层盏中的水不断减少。对该现象的微观解释正确的是___________(多选,填字母序号)。a.水分子受热分解b.水分子不断运动c.水分子间隔变大d.水分子数目减少<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/a8bfed06531447a59999ebbe182d6381/3AADE629B9FC1EA93DF239EA3F073DF6.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/b0c18762d24c4a2bbfe43a0cdd348a77/2421D7CE2483E06E9800EC396F05AE5D.png"><br><br>※题型：实验题※知识点：实验题※试题难度：中等<br>根据如图中的实验装置问答:<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/3C9FCE82EDB1DA201ADAF60AD470FF56.png"><br>1.仪器a的名称是___________。<br>2.用装置A制取<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/7002435560602C62060BA723DC55D86C.png"><br>,分液漏斗中盛装的药品是___________;用装置C收集<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/7002435560602C62060BA723DC55D86C.png"><br>,气体应从导管口___________(填“b”或“c”)通入。3.用装置B制取<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/43916A0CBDACF639905BC5CD89370C97.png"><br>,检査装置气密性的操作是___________,试管中反应的化学方程式为___________。4.某同学在学习氮肥时,查阅资料:①氨气极易溶于水,其水溶液称为氨水②氨水在浓度大或受热时易分解放出氨气。实验室用生石灰和浓氨水能快速制取氨气的原因是___________________________;制得的氨气___________(填“能”或“不能”)用装置D收集。<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/daf966279592454b82755dea83591bcc/D2D441EF9525AFAFE3E4D662CB138D82.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/df14ef9555184678a3cf96ebd060a713/9A542E9696CCB07A548EFFC95D8433F7.png"><br><br>※题型：实验题※知识点：实验题※试题难度：中等<br>某兴趣<br>小组探究与稀盐酸的反应。<br>1.镁与稀盐酸反应<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/8DB170136294345756639DAE736C3D59.png"><br>化学方程式为______________________。<br>2.实验前,用砂纸打磨镁条的目的是_____________________。3.将打磨后的镁条放入稀盐酸中,一段时间后发现有“灰白色沉淀”产生的异常现象。【提出问题】灰白色沉淀可能含有什么物质?【查阅资料】<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/4FAFAE7AD8B5991C6496F1A3438A73B6.png"><br>受热分解生成MgO和<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/AA5DD1505F1D7A06A012CABC988FF45C.png"><br>;变色硅胶遇水由蓝色变为粉红色;碱式氯化镁不溶于水,受热易分解生成MgO和HCl气体。【提出假设】甲同学认为灰白色沉淀中不含<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/410694FB5B13F2A4E3A469530E1EBAF8.png"><br>,你认为原因是__________________________。乙同学认为灰白色沉淀中可能含有:猜想Ⅰ:Mg 猜想Ⅱ:Mg(OH)Cl猜想Ⅲ:<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/4FAFAE7AD8B5991C6496F1A3438A73B6.png"><br>【实验探究】乙同学将灰白色沉淀洗涤、干燥后,分别置于编号为①②③的试管中。<br><tbody><br>序号<br>实验操作<br>实验现象<br>实验结论<br>实验1<br>向试管①中加入适量_____(填物质名称)<br>沉淀消失无气泡产生<br>猜想Ⅰ不成立<br>实验2<br>加热试管②,并将蘸有紫色石蕊溶液的滤纸条置于试管口<br>滤纸条变红<br>猜想Ⅱ_________<br>实验3<br>加热试管③,将产生的气体通过变色硅胶<br>变色硅胶________<br>猜想Ⅲ成立<br></tbody><br>【讨论分析】实验2中滤纸条变红是由于HCl气体溶于水使溶液呈___________性,生成HCl气体的原因是___________(用化学方程式表示)。<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/5aa2bb3a1cd449729c11d2f5faa92075/A2EF073E62112B8424A9EA6309A9844B.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/cf0ed09533ce4ce292fad156ad70a35a/C572E36D608FCFAE1C222B644C9E895D.png"><br><br>※题型：实验题※知识点：实验题※试题难度：中等<br>牙膏中常用碳酸钙粉末做摩擦剂。利用石灰石(杂质不溶于水和<br>酸)<br>制备纯净碳酸钙的一种方法如图。<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/CD429D5DC12C09B296F93D3123E6F9C2.png"><br>1.反应①的化学方程式为___________;操作Ⅰ的名称是___________。<br>2.反应②的化学方程式为___________,该反应属于___________反应(填基本反应类型)。3.该方法中,用稀硫酸代替稀盐酸对制备碳酸钙是否有影响?判断并简述理由___________。4.大气中<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/7002435560602C62060BA723DC55D86C.png"><br>含量不断上升,会导致___________。我国在联合国大会上提出:努力争取2060年前实现“碳中和”,请提出一条实现“碳中和”的措施___________。<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/0bfa907ebe824070b1723245fa659276/0EBFBDE5C76A5550E6D1868748FA44B8.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/c141279530b34e2e8c8f3754eb7e25e5/85FC8624F1BE0701EEAD1C50654C2703.png"><br><br>※题型：实验题※知识点：实验题※试题难度：中等<br>胆矾(<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/655DD676A54DC0658A1DC7EE62474D71.png"><br>,相对分子质量为<br>250<br>)广泛应用于生产生活中。<br>1.农药波尔多液由胆矾和石灰乳等配制而成。不能用铁桶来配制波尔多液,因为铁的金属活动性比铜的___________(填“强”或“弱”)。<br>2.将25.0g胆矾放在坩埚内加热,固体质量与成分随温度变化的曲线如图。<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/94FF067C3BDE5D638137C6D03777F0C9.png"><br>①加热至___________℃时,<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/53DCB02F2927495D25664D94F91F97E6.png"><br>开始分解。②加热至1000℃时,CuO开始分解,生成<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/559C5F89E00EEDED3F52767028129AD4.png"><br>与一种能使带火星的木条复燃的气体,该气体为___________,CuO完全分解时产生该气体的质量为___________g。③根据胆矾分解的化学方程式<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/738E495802747A776D9F5469E0973AA2.png"><br>,计算“题图”中x的值___(写出计算过程)。④下列物质均可作为炼铜的原料,理论上,治炼等质量的下列物质得到铜最多的是_______(填字母序号)。a.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/655DD676A54DC0658A1DC7EE62474D71.png"><br>b.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/53DCB02F2927495D25664D94F91F97E6.png"><br>c.CuOd.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/8/12/559C5F89E00EEDED3F52767028129AD4.png"><br><br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/776656211a584edf83538e393553b4f8/043BC2638EBD7AD0F5F30A6055BBA88C.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/8f91a5940d9a47d6a34eb2d5f4e3f48f/31C0B5C1D27E058564374F5574123740.png"><br><br>
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