2021届中考化学教材实验母题延伸（四）压强相关实验
※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：中等<br>小明将未打磨的铝片和稀盐酸放入密闭容器中,用传感器探究反应过程中温度和压强的变化,如图所示。从图中所获信息不正确的是( )<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/19/A77C3ABA1DAEC82C68B24745AA07C048.png"><br>A.反应过程中有热量放出<br>B.50s时,溶液中溶质为<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/19/70584A3D1D93DFDC8FAC1EFD472B61D7.png"><br>C.0~50s,发生的反应主要为<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/19/1FC63D6D1856A83AB57C2D757DA2824B.png"><br>D.100~140s,压强减小是因为温度降低<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/61fb24a96eea4126b6e456ad389cd847/76900E09FAB5EBA344B8EA84E844FF07.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/14f84042da934fe38c4708746348d6c4/1BCFBD410765BF7A61F3582D99D41634.png"><br><br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：中等<br>如图实验(装置气密性良好),三种固体质量相同,分别滴入相同体积的质量分数为8%的盐酸,a处连接压强传感器,压强随时间变化的图像正确的是( )<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/30/15918E90E75BC41BA13A5D3F5545328B.png"><br>A.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/30/E25CED66912A51ADCFF291117E6BD586.png"><br>B.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/30/2C3E5B484F58FB9E7FD0EA068FA5122C.png"><br>C.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/30/62CA2D24F5FA401198104C36491A1AA9.png"><br>D.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/30/3BB1EDD3FE7878D6B9D8560AC31C6573.png"><br><br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/be0e7cef5d1b4661883b2e7f62880dd5/E7F0EDF83F40244C8F0C84B97471AED6.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/3a4ac3cc5a9347cfa95a9c72f9c526cd/E6C1E090A92F57DD43F9FEDC04483B54.png"><br><br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：中等<br>某同学利用图甲所示装置测定空气中氧气的含量,其中燃烧匙内的白磷用电加热装置点燃,瓶内气压用气体压强传感器测定,其变化如图乙所示。则下列分析合理的是( )<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/4/30/5E1D5B727512A6A8029F74B8E3F2E6D8.png"><br>A.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/4/30/FCCD9596601883BB3311EAC823C6623F.png"><br>s后的一段时间能观察到白磷燃烧产生大量白色烟雾<br>B.从瓶内气压达到最高值直至<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/4/30/987E7EF0931F8B5597DE88936DA9F6B2.png"><br>s,瓶内温度始终保持不变<br>C.根据<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/4/30/987E7EF0931F8B5597DE88936DA9F6B2.png"><br>s时瓶内的气压值,可以计算出氧气占空气体积的百分比<br>D.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/4/30/5F873203FC8CA51A39E7B4B25D1237FE.png"><br>s后的一段时间内瓶内气压又显著增加,原因是温度又升高了<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/2cf19ab4706c4bcea409c1de6d32249b/06CA09E70C17EF8BA2D3B8C70D693953.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/606beffbd9e340068c4c52ae7bedca81/4152893EF52B5FF78638E9E4BF64519C.png"><br><br>※题型：问答题※知识点：问答题※试题难度：中等<br>某化学兴趣小组的同学利用压强传感器、数据采集器和计算机等数字化实验设备,探究用不同催化剂催化<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/4/29/7DB234BC8ABC7F751AB9BAA992EEF152.png"><br>分解制氧气时装置内压强的变化,测定<br>结果如图所示。<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/4/29/D7BD597439BF5C509E986CC645544901.png"><br>1.从实验曲线看,催化效果较好、反应温和的催化剂是哪种物质?<br>2.写出该实验中CuO作催化剂的化学反应方程式。<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/ea0f4841c9a34328b4669e831c7133fe/8D97494344301717944225BB4D48AE96.png"><br>解析<br>略<br>※题型：问答题※知识点：问答题※试题难度：中等<br>如图是某化学兴趣小组的同学用数字化实验设备测定红磷在盛有空气的密闭容器中燃烧时温度、压强和氧气浓度的变化曲线。<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/4/28/161E746CCC5A9C0918503CEDF85C2B41.png"><br>1.写出红磷燃烧的化学方程式。<br>2.图中哪条曲线表示容器内温度的变化曲线是?<br>3.影响密闭容器内压强变化的因素有哪些?<br>4.曲线①在BC段上升的原因是什么?<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/4f0f637f937c4e7e9c55654549bd2c9b/BAE9E7DC3356E77E66C5B25EE7E2F95A.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/c443aa5eef634225aff926b1429b8f34/97F13D0F74FDB603CA7D0072CDA5E47E.png"><br><br>※题型：问答题※知识点：问答题※试题难度：中等<br>相同条件下,等质量相同表面积的镁条分别与等体积不同浓度的<br>a<br>、<br>b<br>两种盐酸反应,实验过程中气体压强的变化如图所示。<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/4/30/8984F537BB40573206AD91AB95C6EBD3.png"><br>1.写出镁与盐酸反应的化学方程式。<br>2.开始一段时间a曲线增大的幅度大于b曲线,引起这个变化的因素是什么?(答出一种即可)<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/bf01ff2684804e2782477cfa4342a6ce/1D77B755C8AD9805011360FB6B9BFBB1.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/f13685248aa6428da6daeece83ddf244/40026D92B7AF006353F1BB76F666E8C8.png"><br><br>※题型：实验题※知识点：实验题※试题难度：中等<br>Ⅰ<br>.<br>如图<br>,将注射器中的溶液缓缓推人Ⅴ形管,有关反应的化学方程式为<br>_<br>______<br>;用<br>℃的热水加热盛有红磷和白磷的<br>W<br>形管时,发现白磷燃烧而红磷不燃烧,由此可说明燃烧需要的条件是<br>_<br>______<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/5/25/46A2481CD57E7D968BC790732A702C01.png"><br>Ⅱ<br>.<br>用图<br>装置进行实验,先后将溶液快速全部推入,测得一段时间内压强变化如图<br>所示。<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/5/25/FC1C6F45F2079D53C85FBE9950D3668B.png"><br>(<br>)先推入的溶液是<br>_<br>_______<br>(<br>)<br>bc<br>段压强不变,原因是<br>_<br>_______<br>(<br>)<br>cd<br>段压强变大,用化学方程式解释<br>:<br>_<br>_______<br><br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/78bb094dda2949509a73b2476a124067/B56737FFC988D7579FF30225031E8880.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/7a0fef1ed7e14fef8ba19d247b093b58/5CB8D9297E46DC5A42071FF66E3D302E.png"><br><br>※题型：实验题※知识点：实验题※试题难度：中等<br>利用下列实验来探究<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/5/19/7002435560602C62060BA723DC55D86C.png"><br>气体的制取和性质。<br>1.A、B、C三套发生装置都可用于实验室制取<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/5/19/7002435560602C62060BA723DC55D86C.png"><br>气体。<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/5/19/B8EA84FBEB868839FAB625FA7087227F.png"><br>①仪器a的名称是______。②实验室制取<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/5/19/7002435560602C62060BA723DC55D86C.png"><br>的化学方程式是______;收集<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/5/19/7002435560602C62060BA723DC55D86C.png"><br>可选用的装置是______(填字母),检验<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/5/19/7002435560602C62060BA723DC55D86C.png"><br>收集满的方法是______。③利用B装置制取<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/5/19/7002435560602C62060BA723DC55D86C.png"><br>时,反应停止前就关闭止水夹,可观察到的现象是______。④与A装置相比,利用C装置制取<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/5/19/7002435560602C62060BA723DC55D86C.png"><br>的优点是______。2.某化学兴趣小组对<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/5/19/7002435560602C62060BA723DC55D86C.png"><br>的性质进行了探究。实验步骤如下。步骤1:图1所示装置的气密性良好(图中a处连接气体压力传感器),甲、乙、丙三个烧瓶的容积均为250mL,分别收集满<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/5/19/7002435560602C62060BA723DC55D86C.png"><br>,三个注射器内各装有85mL液体。步骤2:三位同学分别同时迅速将注射器内液体全部注入三个烧瓶中,关闭活塞;一段时间后,同时振荡烧瓶。步骤3:利用“数字化实验”测定烧瓶内的气压变化,得到如图2所示的烧瓶内压强与时间的关系曲线图,曲线1、2、3分别表示甲、乙、丙三个烧瓶内的气压变化。<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/5/19/35F4B57C309336CEEB046BAD016FCDEB.png"><br>①实验过程中,观察到烧瓶乙中有白色沉淀生成。写出该反应的化学方程式:_______。②曲线1中<br>BC<br>段气压逐渐变小的原因是导致<br>CD<br>段气压快速变小的操作是_______。③对比曲线1与曲线3,能得出的结论是_______(填字母)。a.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/5/19/7002435560602C62060BA723DC55D86C.png"><br>能溶于水b.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/5/19/7002435560602C62060BA723DC55D86C.png"><br>能与水发生反应c.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/5/19/7002435560602C62060BA723DC55D86C.png"><br>能与NaOH溶液发生反应<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/5e3752068e0b42ffa22dce1339eb14b2/C7970D3CFE0B5C947270F62ED58DB923.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/7082500ec9fb4680ba228a193d17f0bf/E48AF1424D781B7551ECAD29A88B61E3.png"><br><br>
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