2021届中考化学物质的检验与提纯提升训练（三）物质的鉴别
※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：中等<br>按如图所示装置,玻璃棒末端固定一团喷有酚酞溶液的脱脂棉Y。先加入物质X,再塞上带玻璃棒的橡胶塞。片刻后,能观察到喷有酚酞溶液的脱脂棉Y变红,则物质X可能是( )<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2020/7/21/0A312C59D826CB085B2986A728EE8699.png"><br>A.浓盐酸 B.浓氨水<br>C.浓醋酸 D.浓氢氧化钠溶液<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2020/3d1d75e933154bd796a848ffa69dc54c/76900E09FAB5EBA344B8EA84E844FF07.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2020/55ff2b77154e41b994dc9957e8a35a50/D883910AB2CE1B2DB0AA4B2FD7EBEA83.png"><br><br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：中等<br>通过观察颜色即可鉴别的是( )<br>A.铁丝和铜丝 B.氧气和空气 <br>C.软水和硬水 D.木炭和二氧化锰<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2020/f6ca95ea67b842e9b5f66fcc619d24a0/E7F0EDF83F40244C8F0C84B97471AED6.png"><br>解析<br>略<br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：中等<br>鉴别是利用物质的性质不同,采用合理的方法进行区分。下列鉴别物质的方法正确的是( )<br>A.用水鉴别NaCl、NaOH、<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2020/11/23/571745824385325B9CFE8434F9FC8475.png"><br>三种固体<br>B.用燃着的木条鉴别<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2020/11/23/E5B148605F67B0436DF3A0149FAF4E34.png"><br>三种气体<br>C.用<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2020/11/23/51768E20EB5BB0F0DE7EF4480D27AFA6.png"><br>溶液鉴别<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2020/11/23/C92CA2A6BD0BC19E17AC87FD00D095B7.png"><br>三种溶液<br>D.用<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2020/11/23/7002435560602C62060BA723DC55D86C.png"><br>鉴别NaOH、KOH、<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2020/11/23/899E87B27F1236109AC87103F2D31DB2.png"><br>三种溶液<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2020/1b74dd77672e482ebb0f3520869a1783/E7F0EDF83F40244C8F0C84B97471AED6.png"><br>解析<br>略<br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：中等<br>下列各组物质,仅用水无法鉴别的是( )<br>A.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/29/A634D5461C8558E58540CA0DEF76EC7A.png"><br>B.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/29/EA4BA319C0E9C7F2FD0ED1741CF3459C.png"><br>C.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/29/CE9608B046C03109AD8CCED107FBA6A3.png"><br>D.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/29/780DBFF8226AEC723171D0A47ABE347B.png"><br><br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/6124b60edb194b51b57557d0a3604953/76900E09FAB5EBA344B8EA84E844FF07.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/a74d30b2119242688d4d70b05eabe00a/45BA951A0507497F25FF8811D1009CA2.png"><br><br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：中等<br>下列试剂分别滴入<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2019/7/13/B387C148B3D60302D90C2240F2F9E21D.png"><br>三种溶液中,会出现三种不同现象的是( )<br>A.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2019/7/13/5020518739833AA0F61A620DBB447C84.png"><br>溶液<br>B.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2019/7/13/410694FB5B13F2A4E3A469530E1EBAF8.png"><br>溶液<br>C.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2019/7/13/A69E6A94FE0EEB91B15080F6EB9DA283.png"><br>溶液<br>D.酚酞溶液<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2019/40fcabb9b9744e56bdcf46bcbb5e55c4/E7F0EDF83F40244C8F0C84B97471AED6.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2019/23ba19a9401c4d89aad359f0d0c79822/3A367507F689068507ED22C76E99D5C4.png"><br><br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：中等<br>用括号内试剂不能一次性将组内物质鉴别出来的是( )<br>A.固体:NaOH、<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2020/9/21/E35AAB13D3AC0F45D941827982856787.png"><br>、NaCl(水)<br>B.液体:稀盐酸、<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2020/9/21/C3DFD2BD7ABDDCD8D5220C06099B586B.png"><br>溶液(石蕊溶液)<br>C.固体:<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2020/9/21/3EC174BE63701D5804D2A1F81B639905.png"><br>、KCl(水)<br>D.液体:<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2020/9/21/5B7871DDB67CFE5C5CB9B83BBCEB5F84.png"><br>溶液、<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2020/9/21/722B714CC8420232F590A9877300C53C.png"><br>溶液、<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2020/9/21/2E7DCC06EB291A34B2D16FD3A8478406.png"><br>溶液(稀硫酸)<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2020/26a5c1986fb74624a2020603e02c9b1e/06CA09E70C17EF8BA2D3B8C70D693953.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2020/5f888627f8dc4faabb8e0b41e3574bf6/E10B272739D939C3D2C4C0F077EA348B.png"><br><br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：中等<br>下列各组物质的溶液,不用其他试剂只用组内物质间的反应就能鉴别出来的是( )<br>A.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/4/15/ED853F22E6EF21163E67DE66A3B3B340.png"><br>B.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/4/15/D79A6F6609AB20DE5685BC5426B54EA4.png"><br>C.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/4/15/0DF00FF4B85E644A1006E15C33AA8B36.png"><br>D.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/4/15/B8F54AC77421D11D8D0925EE226379CE.png"><br><br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/ed0d905db80a49fe98bf3618616a4401/E7F0EDF83F40244C8F0C84B97471AED6.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/eea8c933fcf544aa8dec16b7f336cb24/B6812F04630F6493810B11D3B9A33F55.png"><br><br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：中等<br>鉴别日常生活中的下列各组物质,操作1和操作2均有错误的是( )<br><tbody><br>选项<br>鉴别的物质<br>操作1<br>操作2<br>A<br>一氧化碳和氮气<br>滴加澄清石灰水<br>观察颜色<br>B<br>软水和硬水<br>滴加肥皂水<br>观察颜色<br>C<br>氧气和二氧化碳<br>滴加紫色石蕊试液<br>伸入燃着的木条<br>D<br>真黄金和假黄金(铜锌合金)<br>滴加稀盐酸<br>灼烧<br></tbody><br>A.A B.B C.C D.D<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/9db90f56a291428aaacc6ef669529a68/E7F0EDF83F40244C8F0C84B97471AED6.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/c4da29c18d1441f0b10a0ea565a9df8f/1609FBC9AEE633F66A5241AD22454028.png"><br><br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：中等<br>下列鉴别物质所用试剂或方法不正确的是( )<br>A.稀硫酸与稀盐酸:加碳酸钠<br>B.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/4/1/7002435560602C62060BA723DC55D86C.png"><br>与<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/4/1/43916A0CBDACF639905BC5CD89370C97.png"><br>:燃着的木条<br>C.棉线与羊毛线:点燃后闻气味<br>D.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/4/1/490D2448912FDAA82DEDD28BCF750A33.png"><br>与<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/4/1/571745824385325B9CFE8434F9FC8475.png"><br>:加熟石灰<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/612424223c47471799fb4be6934b8070/E7F0EDF83F40244C8F0C84B97471AED6.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/a09d8325dfc24d6199f4848bf72d5008/7A423BFAE1B2A6994EC8E5DA30941774.png"><br><br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：中等<br>区分下列各组物质的方法不正确的是( )<br><tbody><br>A<br>B<br>C<br>D<br>需区分的物质<br>淀粉和苏打<br>18K黄金和黄铜(铜锌合金)<br>腈纶和羊毛<br>氢氧化钠和氢氧化钙<br>方法<br>加水溶解,观察<br>加稀盐酸,观察<br>灼烧后观察灰烬<br>充分溶解后滴入硫酸铜溶液<br></tbody><br>A.A B.B C.C D.D<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/06ba75a631d24a408d6f7c0d373a1d91/01A39E48B8A67989A23F6887F26FCC64.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/ca0e395881a8469684ff8a01a00c7624/169A5B4C2D1D332DB2BE872F41496E1A.png"><br><br>※题型：填空题※知识点：填空题※试题难度：中等<br>已知<br>A<br>、<br>B<br>、<br>C<br>、<br>D<br>、<br>E<br>分别为稀盐酸、氢氧化钠溶液、氢氧化钙溶液、氯化钠溶液、硫酸铜溶液中的一种。为鉴别该五种溶液,化学兴趣小组同学设计绘制的思维导图如下所示:<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/1/230C2D786FFC755F94BBFE3CC37AAEE3.png"><br>1.C中的溶质为(填化学式)。<br>2.若A能使紫色石蕊试液变红,则D为(填物质名称)。<br>3.为鉴别B和E,加入的物质X为(写出一种即可)。<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/e6a04f09e70a4853bbd2bc54f2aa7587/450CEC763A50D0EC2F04935942F73397.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/ddc48bbee42a4459a1039dcc19013aac/4B086D4D077613BA480BAF5E30BE6F57.png"><br><br>※题型：实验题※知识点：实验题※试题难度：中等<br>有一包白色的粉末,是<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2019/12/9/42F09CBCD510AAFD2345F341FB191981.png"><br>、<br>NaCl<br>、<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2019/12/9/12F5C4AC564AD3765E56094E20CC81FF.png"><br>、<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2019/12/9/5020518739833AA0F61A620DBB447C84.png"><br>、<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2019/12/9/AF46297A9702CDB7F07F372B6B2255C7.png"><br>中的一种或几种,为确定白色粉末的成分,进行如下探究<br>:<br>1.取适量白色粉末与熟石灰混匀共热,没有任何异味产生,说明原白色粉末中一定不含有,其理由是。2.另取适量白色粉末加入足量的水,搅拌,得到白色沉淀和无色溶液,可推测原白色粉末中一定含有。3.取2中的白色沉淀,往其中加入过量的稀盐酸,产生大量的气泡,白色沉淀全部消失,说明原白色粉末中一定还含有,定不含有,写出产生白色沉淀的化学方程式:。4.取2中的无色溶液蒸干,得固体物质,此固体物质的成分可能有种组成情况。<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2019/b8ae601439694e74b266ce8e2327e1fb/4DB9EF8B277525C63D410CBB1BA59075.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2019/bb5dea9a9f014df9a69e87f85bf683c0/70A19664568577837D29B5ADFCC78198.png"><br><br>※题型：推断题※知识点：推断题※试题难度：中等<br>有一包固体粉末,可能含碳、铝、铜、氧化铝、氧化铜中的一种或几种。<br>为探究该固体粉末的组成,某化学兴趣小组进行了如图所示实验:<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2020/11/30/D380C90FDBBE904654E1866778C3CA65.png"><br>1.向样品中加入过量稀盐酸产生的气体是___________________。<br>2.向固体A中加入硝酸银溶液,发生反应的化学方程式为___________________。3.固体B中含有的物质是___________________。4.原固体样品中一定含有的物质是___________________。5.蓝色溶液丙中一定含有的溶质是___________________。<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2020/7070bbea921a4304979f68c8b604a08e/DDF9FE1A5554E833E4C8D90469BF023C.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2020/273baf3a18be429b839426b771ada44a/22B25D9ED7A32D37154CB91653A9FAB7.png"><br><br>
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