2021届中考化学二轮复习重难知识提分训练 （六）物质的分离与提纯
※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：中等<br>提纯下列物质(括号中为杂质),所用试剂和方法都正确的是( )<br>A.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/22/C267D3B831D7BCB351BD3D138749DC54.png"><br>:<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/22/C09DD76B9792A4D62AC4145DC76E807C.png"><br>溶液、过滤<br>B.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/22/9CBBD70A8E6000B80BFCE87EEAD96383.png"><br>:<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/22/12F5C4AC564AD3765E56094E20CC81FF.png"><br>溶液、过滤<br>C.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/22/FD96424A96BDE03FD81B72812E049835.png"><br>:盐酸、过滤<br>D.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/22/1E75AF74B59C3BB0456B1241E2240EB3.png"><br>:盐酸、过滤<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/98423c5faa58405c98edd62c02368004/06CA09E70C17EF8BA2D3B8C70D693953.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/13b3a38eb26b40d1b72019d7a89813fd/7AAA1792B4FA0F31DF3754147DBD4F3A.png"><br><br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：较难<br>分离与提纯是获得物质的重要方法。下列实验操作不能达到实验目的的是( )<br><tbody><br>实验目的<br>实验操作<br>A<br>除去二氧化碳气体中的一氧化碳<br>通过灼热的氧化铜粉末<br>B<br>除去氯化钠固体中的泥沙<br>加入足量的水溶解,过滤,蒸发结晶<br>C<br>除去氯化钙溶液中的盐酸<br>加入过量的碳酸钙固体,充分反应后过滤<br>D<br>除去碳酸钠溶液中的氯化钠<br>加入过量的硝酸银溶液,过滤<br></tbody><br>A.A B.B C.C D.D<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/a5f90e3e0f674e6cba756f8a2a9bbe58/01A39E48B8A67989A23F6887F26FCC64.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/f192924501f049019a5357918ebc92f1/9687DAD8CF052DDA8C202047B12DDC0C.png"><br><br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：中等<br>除去下列物质中少量杂质所加入试剂合理的是( )<br><tbody><br>选项<br>物质<br>所含杂质<br>除去杂质所加试剂<br>A<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/26/899E87B27F1236109AC87103F2D31DB2.png"><br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/26/0125C0E265985712A3A9CAA2643B9043.png"><br>盐酸<br>B<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/26/410694FB5B13F2A4E3A469530E1EBAF8.png"><br>NaCl<br>硝酸银溶液<br>C<br>C<br>Fe<br>稀硫酸<br>D<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/26/7002435560602C62060BA723DC55D86C.png"><br>HCl<br>氢氧化钠溶液<br></tbody><br>A.A B.B C.C D.D<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/6a3d66cea6844e3cb3da204a2b5c2742/06CA09E70C17EF8BA2D3B8C70D693953.png"><br>解析<br>略<br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：较难<br>除去下列物质中的少量杂质,所选用的试剂和操作方法都正确的是( )<br><tbody><br>选项<br>物质<br>杂质<br>试剂<br>操作方法<br>A<br>CaO<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/29/B24F7CDE6AD9E94EFD42E801F850ED99.png"><br>稀盐酸<br>加入适量的稀盐酸,蒸发<br>B<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/29/19DB00263A67B64F8C686CD794139E8F.png"><br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/29/937FDA011D046B8F739CA0856671E520.png"><br>蒸馏水<br>加入足量的蒸馏水充分溶解后,过滤,将滤液蒸发结晶<br>C<br>NaOH溶液<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/29/049D802E7350A56DC61AAD18655E5681.png"><br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/29/23EF0A54446EF55E9C941CDD3C5B28C7.png"><br>溶液<br>加入过量的<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/29/23EF0A54446EF55E9C941CDD3C5B28C7.png"><br>溶液,过滤<br>D<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/29/CE3FB2E68B350B28E5B76D176FE3FE33.png"><br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/29/3AB34B1B8224706C6E4369A324ED490A.png"><br>氢氧化钠溶液和浓硫酸<br>依次通过盛有足量氢氧化钠溶液和浓硫酸的洗气瓶<br></tbody><br>A.A B.B C.C D.D<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/228b72ef2ef643faa4a434d9e4c0cdb9/01A39E48B8A67989A23F6887F26FCC64.png"><br>解析<br>略<br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：中等<br>去除难溶性杂质后的食盐样品中还含有可溶性杂质:<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2020/7/20/B3A8A8B599E1C5D90C47F8D486A15EB1.png"><br>。为除去可溶性杂质,将食盐样品溶于水,依次加入稍过量的三种溶液:<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2020/7/20/12F5C4AC564AD3765E56094E20CC81FF.png"><br>溶液、<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2020/7/20/22E31F776370366F790221CF4E7FC96B.png"><br>溶液、<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2020/7/20/5020518739833AA0F61A620DBB447C84.png"><br>溶液。充分反应后过滤,得滤渣X,向滤液中加入过量的稀盐酸,搅拌、煮沸,得氯化钠溶液。下列说法正确的是( )<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2020/7/20/13F5351ACF3AFF4B6F55F8D7ACE94A73.png"><br>A.滤渣X中有三种成分<br>B.“向滤液中加入过量的稀盐酸”目的只是为了除去过量的<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2020/7/20/22E31F776370366F790221CF4E7FC96B.png"><br>C.除杂过程中有<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2020/7/20/5020518739833AA0F61A620DBB447C84.png"><br>参加的化学反应为复分解反应<br>D.将氯化钠溶液用题图装置加热蒸发,至水分完全蒸干时停止加热<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2020/d24869bf9933467994b89eb83acbc99f/06CA09E70C17EF8BA2D3B8C70D693953.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2020/c9005fe6f2b246f4b345bdbe2a234c60/FB4DF5E736F6A78913DA3DC513C12FC4.png"><br><br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：中等<br>除去下列物质中混有的少量杂质,所用除杂试剂及操作方法均正确的是( )<br><tbody><br>选项<br>物质<br>杂质<br>除杂试剂及操作方法<br>A<br>Cu<br>Fe<br>加入过量的<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/15/2AC1A4FAF14CF4A728016A411339C27A.png"><br>溶液,过滤、洗涤、干燥<br>B<br>KCl<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/15/C593AB7E8C703062DFA5ED884F267FE4.png"><br>加入足量的水溶解,过滤、洗涤、干燥<br>C<br>NaCl<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/15/A6943099ECA63A02935F1505C92DC873.png"><br>加入适量的硝酸银溶液至不再产生沉淀<br>D<br>Cu<br>C<br>在空气中灼烧<br></tbody><br>A.A B.B C.C D.D<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/5fe9be6be76346b1a74e24a943beb492/E7F0EDF83F40244C8F0C84B97471AED6.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/8dc18b9e4ee249c4b0eb61817bc85e09/AB7F8C8A70D52015DFBFC47EED0FCDD8.png"><br><br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：中等<br>下列各项括号里的物质或操作是除去杂质所用的药品或方法,其中错误的是( )<br>A.CaO中混有<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/9/0125C0E265985712A3A9CAA2643B9043.png"><br>(高温煅烧)<br>B.CO中混有<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/9/7002435560602C62060BA723DC55D86C.png"><br>(石灰水)<br>C.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/9/3FD11E2AFC06B1D240106659D73AE871.png"><br>中混有HCl(NaOH溶液)<br>D.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/9/899E87B27F1236109AC87103F2D31DB2.png"><br>中混有<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/9/0125C0E265985712A3A9CAA2643B9043.png"><br>(盐酸)<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/41b82249587147f48ad20093ff610826/01A39E48B8A67989A23F6887F26FCC64.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/b0161c00ec8c4fe998e71200bf67291a/F58692E54F2B6138D9F1F215C03028F5.png"><br><br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：较难<br>下列除去杂质的方法中,正确的是( )<br><tbody><br>选项<br>物质(括号内为少量杂质)<br>除去杂质的方法<br>A<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/11/89E9BC4AB8919762C97D6B9E3B5A5848.png"><br>通入氧气,点燃<br>B<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/11/07E34F1102BE940E923C85F3B7C7AE0B.png"><br>加过量的盐酸<br>C<br>KCl固体<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/11/1CACBC1FB1116C1F69F9C3CE73CE56A7.png"><br>加水溶解、过滤、蒸发滤液<br>D<br>NaOH溶液(<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/11/049D802E7350A56DC61AAD18655E5681.png"><br>溶液)<br>加入过量氯化钙溶液,过滤<br></tbody><br>A.A B.B C.C D.D<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/1c9c40dd8dd041bf8b86229a2ec407b3/06CA09E70C17EF8BA2D3B8C70D693953.png"><br>解析<br>略<br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：中等<br>除去食盐溶液中的<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/13/6A82A261FD3210C18FF2BCD15278C931.png"><br>杂质的操作有:①加入过量<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/13/12F5C4AC564AD3765E56094E20CC81FF.png"><br>溶液;②过滤;③加入适量盐酸;④蒸发结晶;⑤加入过量<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/13/5020518739833AA0F61A620DBB447C84.png"><br>溶液。正确的操作顺序是( )。A.①⑤②③④ B.③①⑤②④ C.①③⑤④② D.⑤③②①④<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/bc839d807cba4f4f97626f1601627605/E7F0EDF83F40244C8F0C84B97471AED6.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/58529d2b05d1458fbf26d73d6bcc0624/5F2FF38B01D66F896FCBBFA9FEBF2014.png"><br><br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：中等<br>实验室有一包含有少量氯化钠杂质的硝酸钾固体,某校化学兴趣小组的同学为了得到纯净的硝酸钾,设计了如图所示的操作,下列有关分析中正确的是( )<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/25/9B4BE7BC1C64403359114BE68E0DE688.png"><br>A.操作Ⅰ~Ⅲ分别是溶解、加热蒸发、过滤<br>B.操作Ⅰ是过滤,将氯化钠固体从溶液中分离除去<br>C.操作Ⅱ是加热浓缩,趁热过滤,除去杂质氯化钠<br>D.操作Ⅲ是过滤,将硝酸钾晶体从溶液中分离出来<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/82daead261984fb2b89bd911ab2faf4e/01A39E48B8A67989A23F6887F26FCC64.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/a81ca463355c4dbfa57a291613d3b1dc/17ED15AE26E6984A2A1B687D941FE90E.png"><br><br>※题型：填空题※知识点：填空题※试题难度：中等<br>小明绘制了如图所示的甲、乙两种固体物质的溶解度曲线。<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/26/3BCC6C341C82E359230541B878C4176A.png"><br>1.当温度为__________℃时,甲物质与乙物质的溶解度相等。<br>2.甲物质的溶解度随温度的升高而__________,若将甲物质从溶液中结晶析出,宜采用的方法是__________。<br>3.乙物质的溶解度随温度的升高__________,若将乙物质从溶液中结晶析出,宜采用的方法是__________。<br>4.若甲物质的溶液中混有少量乙物质,提纯甲的方法是__________。<br>5.若乙物质的溶液中混有少量甲物质,提纯乙的方法是__________。<br>6.我国有许多盐碱湖,湖中溶有大量的NaCl和<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/26/5020518739833AA0F61A620DBB447C84.png"><br>,那里的人们“冬天捞碱(<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/26/5020518739833AA0F61A620DBB447C84.png"><br>),夏天晒盐(NaCl)”。据此你认为图中__________(填“甲”或“乙”)物质的溶解度曲线与<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/26/5020518739833AA0F61A620DBB447C84.png"><br>的相似。<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/79a42088be404bf38a8b734f72d45318/CC66722A4D6CF8AF5E34BD8F05F12207.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/e5b75f49301f4d8e8dc25a7224b85cdc/D13181EACFB72C34600A4F6791986941.png"><br><br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：中等<br>粗盐中常含有<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/7/AD6CAC1E08AA8BA2ECE0407016585E36.png"><br>及泥沙等杂质,常用下面的流程进行提纯。下列说法正确的是( )<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/7/061ABF944A3818D54779D213C0A8F45D.png"><br>A.加入试剂a的顺序可以是过量的NaOH溶液、<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/7/049D802E7350A56DC61AAD18655E5681.png"><br>溶液,<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/7/56D2A73F2531F3EB6732E1B05B2AEE20.png"><br>溶液<br>B.加入试剂a后,将混合物过滤,得到的沉淀中除泥沙外还含有3种不溶物<br>C.向溶液Ⅰ中加入的盐酸也可以是过量的<br>D.操作b的名称为过滤<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/e1e0c634e2f8464abdeb4dc9d8c0cb14/06CA09E70C17EF8BA2D3B8C70D693953.png"><br>解析<br>略<br>※题型：填空题※知识点：填空题※试题难度：中等<br>从某废旧电子产品中可以提炼贵重金属,并得到硫酸铜溶液。其工艺流程如图所示:<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/24/5190BC083F7DD11E2F2F6898543FF54A.png"><br>1.图中“操作”的名称是______________。<br>2.写出所得贵重金属中任意一种成分的化学式______________。<br>3.写出①中发生的化学反应方程式______________(任写一个);该反应的基本类型为______________。<br>4.写出②中发生的化学反应方程式______________。<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/742951bc05154a51ad799246b5cfebef/D8B47E95C33A31B4C22CFA14B6465E54.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/b9a109ab2e524f079eaa96f8f8659cfa/DBAE197B878ABEF29BAD16A167335835.png"><br><br>
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