2021届中考化学二轮复习重难知识提分训练 （五）物质的检验与鉴别
※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：中等<br>鉴别空气、氧气和二氧化碳三瓶气体,最常用的方法是( )<br>A.分别测定它们的密度<br>B.将气体分别通入紫色石蕊溶液中<br>C.观察颜色并闻它们的气味<br>D.将燃着的木条分别伸入集气瓶中<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2020/33dbcb8aa1584d88ae645d26375ec57e/01A39E48B8A67989A23F6887F26FCC64.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2020/9258f90c5843476eb00f87ac4ed845f9/124ADC202A96EEFC78E8D12CB2C13CDA.png"><br><br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：中等<br>下列各组物质的溶液,必须另加试剂才能鉴别出来的一组是( )<br>A.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/15/C62103EFE5141EBC182B3F1E0725557F.png"><br>B.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/15/B41FD375A018A773E9AECEC005B5B26B.png"><br>C.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/15/F5877AB66044ABCF02A8F1859A69829B.png"><br>D.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/15/C37ED534F19AD8407F2A3E716D1AAF44.png"><br><br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/c1af042f9176408cae80c424dcb75bf7/E7F0EDF83F40244C8F0C84B97471AED6.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/c328bd900dbb4cfa9cf3ac7dd75c7fad/E089125F45C3E254C14CF0A3A823E1BF.png"><br><br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：较易<br>下列试剂分别滴入<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2020/1/4/B387C148B3D60302D90C2240F2F9E21D.png"><br>三种溶液中,会出现三种不同现象的是( )。A.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2020/1/4/35E828602442D96D151B7E8917028C07.png"><br>B.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2020/1/4/510C574C8097E4361893171ED4744CE8.png"><br>C.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2020/1/4/5EB01652D611F8F6BA0DCE07DDE40C39.png"><br>D.酚酞溶液<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2020/8c68e08db85f4891acefacaa02e00d4e/E7F0EDF83F40244C8F0C84B97471AED6.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2020/305783e82ca84142bc7b36f705963de2/036BFEA275224B7F465DC631431F5FFB.png"><br><br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：较易<br>酒精和醋酸是日常生活中的常用品,下列方法不能将二者鉴别开的是( )<br>A.闻气味<br>B.分别滴加石蕊溶液<br>C.分别滴加NaOH溶液<br>D.分别用来浸泡水壶中的水垢,观察水垢是否溶解<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/2746cc8f43384ceab4f19f25c6624532/06CA09E70C17EF8BA2D3B8C70D693953.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/281f1459cdbd4f29abe297bd73db530d/BD91D1673F5D63F2567DC2919A26C49B.png"><br><br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：中等<br>根据你所学的化学知识和生活经验到断,下列做法不科学的是( )<br>A.用碘水可以检验食物中是否存在淀粉<br>B.用燃烧的方法区分羊毛纤维和合成纤维<br>C.用钢刷、沙等擦洗铝制炊具<br>D.用肥皂水区分硬水和软水<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/2640d79061ee48abb8f01c101cf1b28b/06CA09E70C17EF8BA2D3B8C70D693953.png"><br>解析<br>略<br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：中等<br>鉴别日常生活中的下列各组物质,方法1和方法2均错误的是( )<br><tbody><br>选项<br>鉴别的物质<br>方法1<br>方法2<br>A<br>酒精和水<br>闻气味<br>点燃<br>B<br>一氧化碳和甲烷<br>通入澄清石灰水<br>观察颜色<br>C<br>氧气和二氧化碳<br>通入紫色石蕊溶液<br>伸入燃着的木条<br>D<br>真黄金和假黄金(钢锌合金)<br>稀盐酸<br>灼烧<br></tbody><br>A.A B.B C.C D.D<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/3fbc52e24cdd4ed4b28c70b2170b9f95/76900E09FAB5EBA344B8EA84E844FF07.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/a835906219724438960f5d6431a88d9f/F05A9F237A6F70CD861FC22806C307EC.png"><br><br>※题型：单选题※知识点：单选题※试题难度：中等<br>下列实验方案合理的是( )<br><tbody><br>实验<br>目的<br>方案<br>A<br>检验某化肥是否为氮肥<br>取样,加入熟石灰研磨<br>B<br>检验铝粉中是否含有铁粉<br>取样,用磁铁接近样品<br>C<br>检验<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/16/3A4FCE2D1C5015BD1216F378C9690D09.png"><br>中是否含有<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/16/E7F84554363873C895F5F0E0D07364D2.png"><br>取样,加入足量的稀硫酸<br>D<br>检验<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/16/CDE08DE09A11174D3A8CC4A13B43D038.png"><br>中是否含有<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/16/BDF900345AF09A3015F45B2669FF3895.png"><br>点燃,在火焰上方罩干冷烧杯<br></tbody><br>A.A B.B C.C D.D<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/491aba6cfa1e446487e57ff9bf537ab4/76900E09FAB5EBA344B8EA84E844FF07.png"><br>解析<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/explain/2/5/2021/cd2ae28f9f064040ae2690d00d0b32a1/991BCB874B4576883CC4719D8B8C136F.png"><br><br>※题型：实验题※知识点：实验题※试题难度：中等<br>试剂<br>A<br>、<br>B<br>、<br>C<br>是<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/29/5020518739833AA0F61A620DBB447C84.png"><br>溶液、稀盐酸、<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/29/899E87B27F1236109AC87103F2D31DB2.png"><br>溶液中的一种。某同学进行如图所示的实验,观察到试管<br>①<br>中无明显现象,试管<br>②<br>中溶液变浑浊。实验结束后,该同学把试管<br>①<br>、<br>②<br>中的物质全部倒入烧杯中,发现溶液变澄清,并有气泡冒出。<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/29/32DF580F96F1A9E4AA8A9D67FAC32EC3.png"><br>1.A是_____________,B的溶质是_____________(填俗名)。<br>2.写出试管A中的反应化学方程式:_____________。3.写出烧杯中溶液变澄清的反应化学方程式:_____________。4.烧杯中所得溶液的溶质可能是_____________(填序号)。aNaCl、<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/29/5020518739833AA0F61A620DBB447C84.png"><br>bNaCl、<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/29/CB7E7C4BEEFBEBF27159F2B985D9C3A2.png"><br>、HClcNaCl、<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/29/CB7E7C4BEEFBEBF27159F2B985D9C3A2.png"><br>dNaCl、<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/1/29/95155AB46856D74B792AEA937F8E33A3.png"><br><br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/2c95a4bce2274cdaadf75fc077ab04fa/7FA268BAA66F2D686BDE4078F2C47739.png"><br>解析<br>略<br>※题型：实验题※知识点：实验题※试题难度：较难<br>某固体粉末可能含有<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/29/202BAD337FCD223075231217706AD853.png"><br>中的一种或几种,为了确定其成分,进行如下实验:<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/29/DED09B66B2C38CDD15C9529D854234DF.png"><br>根据上述实验,回答下列问题<br>:<br>1.上述实验中,“产生气泡”的化学方程式为______________。<br>2.分析实验现象,推断原固体粉末的成分是______________(填化学式)。<br>3.能区别<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/29/2AF4B38ED3DA4A0676087C3FEA1A2926.png"><br>溶液和NaCl溶液的试剂是______________(填序号)。A.NaOH溶液B.盐酸C.酚酞溶液D.<img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/testImage/2/2021/3/29/A6943099ECA63A02935F1505C92DC873.png"><br>溶液<br>答案<br><img src="https://picture2.zhihuicn.com/answer/2/5/2021/f60ed41c8cf44c35b2ec50896d6e9744/1CE5098653BD251C26856C17A4D56FE2.png"><br>解析<br>略<br>
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