什么是经济学中的"外部性"?
<p><span word="The">The</span> <span word="market">market</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="cigarettes">cigarettes</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="negative">negative</span> <span word="externality">externality</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="consumption">consumption</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="consuming">consuming</span> <span word="cigarettes">cigarettes</span> <span word="imposes">imposes</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="cost">cost</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="others">others</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="involved">involved</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="market">market</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="cigarettes">cigarettes</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="form">form</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="second">second</span>-<span word="hand">hand</span> <span word="smoke">smoke</span>.</p><p>香烟市场对消费展现了负面的外部性，因为它用二手烟的形式对其他人征收了一种不会统计在香烟市场中的成本。</p><p><span word="And">And</span> <span word="that">that</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="we">we</span>'<span word="ll">ll</span> <span word="talk">talk</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="today">today</span>: <span word="Externality">Externality</span>.</p><p>而这就是我们今天要谈的东西：外部性。</p><p><span word="When">When</span> <span word="making">making</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="claim">claim</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="free">free</span>, <span word="unregulated">unregulated</span> <span word="markets">markets</span> <span word="maximize">maximize</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="amount">amount</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="value">value</span> <span word="created">created</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="society">society</span>, <span word="e">e</span> <span word="conomists">conomists</span> <span word="either">either</span> <span word="implicitly">implicitly</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="explicitly">explicitly</span> <span word="assume">assume</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="actions">actions</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="choices">choices</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="producers">producers</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="consumers">consumers</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="market">market</span> <span word="don">don</span>'<span word="t">t</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="any">any</span> <span word="spillover">spillover</span> <span word="effects">effects</span> <span word="onto">onto</span> <span word="third">third</span> <span word="parties">parties</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="directly">directly</span> <span word="involved">involved</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="market">market</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="producer">producer</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="consumer">consumer</span>.</p><p>当经济学家声称自由、无监管的市场能最大化社会中的价值时，他们是在要么有意、要么无意地假设一件事，那就是生产者和消费者的一切行为和选择都不会对那些局外人造成任何外溢效应；这里说的局外人指的是那些不直接以生产者或消费者身份参与该市场的人。</p>
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