古诗中的思乡
<p>“胡马依北风，越鸟巢南枝。”谁不思念自己的故乡？中国人的乡土情结特别浓厚。上下几千年，从屈原的“鸟飞返故乡，狐死必首丘”到余光中的悠悠“乡愁”，思乡始终是中国诗歌的一大主题。到了南朝隋唐时代，诗歌形式日臻完善，思乡诗更层出不穷。其中，南朝江总的微山亭赋韵，唐代王维的杂诗和岑参的逢入京使特别有代表性。</p><p>"<span word="Hu">Hu</span> <span word="Ma">Ma</span> <span word="follows">follows</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="north">north</span> <span word="wind">wind</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="crosses">crosses</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="South">South</span> <span word="Branch">Branch</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bird">bird</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="nest">nest</span>." <span word="Who">Who</span> <span word="doesn">doesn</span>'<span word="t">t</span> <span word="miss">miss</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="hometown">hometown</span>? <span word="The">The</span> <span word="Chinese">Chinese</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="strong">strong</span> <span word="local">local</span> <span word="complex">complex</span>. <span word="For">For</span> <span word="thousands">thousands</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="years">years</span>, <span word="from">from</span> <span word="Qu">Qu</span> <span word="Yuan">Yuan</span>'<span word="s">s</span> "<span word="birds">birds</span> <span word="fly">fly</span> <span word="back">back</span> <span word="home">home</span>, <span word="foxes">foxes</span> <span word="die">die</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="hill">hill</span>" <span word="to">to</span> <span word="Yu">Yu</span> <span word="Guangzhong">Guangzhong</span>'<span word="s">s</span> "<span word="nostalgia">nostalgia</span>", <span word="homesickness">homesickness</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="always">always</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="major">major</span> <span word="theme">theme</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Chinese">Chinese</span> <span word="poetry">poetry</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="southern">southern</span> <span word="Sui">Sui</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Tang">Tang</span> <span word="Dynasties">Dynasties</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="form">form</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="poetry">poetry</span> <span word="became">became</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="perfect">perfect</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="homesickness">homesickness</span> <span word="poetry">poetry</span> <span word="emerged">emerged</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="endless">endless</span> <span word="stream">stream</span>. <span word="Among">Among</span> <span word="them">them</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="general">general</span> <span word="Weishan">Weishan</span> <span word="Pavilion">Pavilion</span> <span word="rhymes">rhymes</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Southern">Southern</span> <span word="Dynasty">Dynasty</span>, <span word="Wang">Wang</span> <span word="Wei">Wei</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</span> <span word="Poems">Poems</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Tang">Tang</span> <span word="Dynasty">Dynasty</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Cen">Cen</span> <span word="Shen">Shen</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="envoy">envoy</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="Beijing">Beijing</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="particularly">particularly</span> <span word="representative">representative</span>.</p><p>微山亭赋韵中写道：“心逐南云逝，形随北雁来。故乡篱下菊，今日几花开？”</p><p><span word="In">In</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="rhyme">rhyme</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="weishanting">weishanting</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="Fu">Fu</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="said">said</span>: "<span word="the">the</span> <span word="heart">heart</span> <span word="follows">follows</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="South">South</span> <span word="clouds">clouds</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="shape">shape</span> <span word="follows">follows</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="North">North</span> <span word="geese">geese</span>. <span word="How">How</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="flowers">flowers</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="blooming">blooming</span> <span word="today">today</span>? "</p><p>这首诗的特色是“大中融小”而又“以小见大”。作者首先展开一片宏大的秋日清朗的天空来：但见南天一抹白云经不住带着丝丝凉意的北风的撩拨，悄然北逝；而一群北雁却为避寒秋而翩然南来。睹物生情，作者联想到自己。自己的故乡在辽远的北方，却为躲避战乱，寄居南朝，正如这南飞之雁；然游子思乡之情却因此而愈笃，如同北逝之云，可谓“身在南朝心在北”矣。一个“逐”字，说明思乡之切，欲逐南云而飞去，是主观上强烈的愿望，与下句“随”字相对照：“随”有被动无奈之意，写出他避乱南方的无可奈何。作者写的是秋景，南云飞逝，北雁南飞，都暗示北风已起，是“不写之写”，更写不尽凄凉。接着，笔锋一转，由大入小，写故乡篱下之菊，暗寓“采菊东篱下，悠然见南山”之意，写出对故乡闲适生活的眷恋。民间又有“重阳把酒就菊花”之俗，而今诗人却只能寄身天涯，两相对照，好不凄凉。“今日几花开？”一问将思恋情结发挥至极，将意象浓缩到极小，着意于花，实是于极小中见极大。一问之中饱含不尽情思，使小诗戛然而止，但余韵无穷。</p>
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