满族
<p>明朝末年，满族英雄努尔哈赤经过30年的努力，统一了中国东北地区的女真人，初步形成满洲民族，即满族。他把满洲人分别组织在黄、白、红、蓝、镶黄、镶白、镶红、镶蓝八族之中，实行全民皆兵。后来，满族政权还陆续建立了蒙古八旗和汉军八旗。1644年，八旗铁骑入关，占领北京，席卷大江南北，建立了疆域辽阔的清帝国。</p><p><span word="At">At</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="end">end</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Ming">Ming</span> <span word="Dynasty">Dynasty</span>, <span word="Nurhachi">Nurhachi</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="Manchu">Manchu</span> <span word="hero">hero</span>, <span word="unified">unified</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Nvzhen">Nvzhen</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Northeast">Northeast</span> <span word="China">China</span> <span word="after">after</span> 30 <span word="years">years</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="efforts">efforts</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="initially">initially</span> <span word="formed">formed</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Manchu">Manchu</span> <span word="nation">nation</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Manchu">Manchu</span> <span word="people">people</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="organized">organized</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Manchurians">Manchurians</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="eight">eight</span> <span word="ethnic">ethnic</span> <span word="groups">groups</span>: <span word="yellow">yellow</span>, <span word="white">white</span>, <span word="red">red</span>, <span word="blue">blue</span>, <span word="yellow">yellow</span>, <span word="white">white</span>, <span word="red">red</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="blue">blue</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="carried">carried</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="policy">policy</span> <span word="of">of</span> "<span word="all">all</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="soldiers">soldiers</span>". <span word="Later">Later</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Manchu">Manchu</span> <span word="regime">regime</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="successively">successively</span> <span word="established">established</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Mongolian">Mongolian</span> <span word="eight">eight</span> <span word="banners">banners</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Han">Han</span> <span word="eight">eight</span> <span word="banners">banners</span>. <span word="In">In</span> 1644, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Eight">Eight</span> <span word="Banners">Banners</span> <span word="entered">entered</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="pass">pass</span>, <span word="occupied">occupied</span> <span word="Beijing">Beijing</span>, <span word="swept">swept</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="north">north</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="south">south</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="river">river</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="established">established</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="vast">vast</span> <span word="Qing">Qing</span> <span word="Empire">Empire</span>.</p><p>满族人很早就信奉萨满教，每逢祭祖、祭天，要由萨满戴上神帽，穿上裙子，系上腰铃，击鼓起舞，边祷边跳。满族人重礼节，有一个时期，小辈对老辈是三天一小礼，五天一大礼；三天见长辈要请安，五天见长辈要“打千”。男人打千要哈腰，右手下伸，左手扶膝，像拾东西一样；女人打千要扶膝下蹲。满族男人留发梳瓣，穿马蹄袖袍褂，系腰带；妇女头顶盘髻，穿宽大直统旗袍，不缠足。今天，旗袍已经成为典型的东方妇女服饰，风靡全球。</p>
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