“哈士奇”的千古癌症 绵延1.1万年
<p><span word="Scientists">Scientists</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="sequenced">sequenced</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="genome">genome</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="world">world</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="oldest">oldest</span> <span word="continuously">continuously</span> <span word="surviving">surviving</span> <span word="cancer">cancer</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="transmissible">transmissible</span> <span word="genital">genital</span> <span word="cancer">cancer</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="affects">affects</span> <span word="dogs">dogs</span>. <span word="This">This</span> <span word="cancer">cancer</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="causes">causes</span> <span word="grotesque">grotesque</span> <span word="genital">genital</span> <span word="tumors">tumors</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="dogs">dogs</span> <span word="around">around</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="world">world</span>, <span word="first">first</span> <span word="arose">arose</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="single">single</span> <span word="dog">dog</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="lived">lived</span> <span word="about">about</span> 11,000 <span word="years">years</span> <span word="ago">ago</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="cancer">cancer</span> <span word="survived">survived</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="death">death</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="dog">dog</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="transfer">transfer</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="cancer">cancer</span> <span word="cells">cells</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="dogs">dogs</span> <span word="during">during</span> <span word="mating">mating</span>.</p><p><span word="The">The</span> <span word="genome">genome</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="this">this</span> 11,000-<span word="year">year</span>-<span word="old">old</span> <span word="cancer">cancer</span> <span word="carries">carries</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="million">million</span> <span word="mutations">mutations</span> -- <span word="many">many</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="mutations">mutations</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="human">human</span> <span word="cancers">cancers</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="majority">majority</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="between">between</span> 1,000 <span word="and">and</span> 5,000 <span word="mutations">mutations</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="team">team</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="type">type</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="mutation">mutation</span>, <span word="known">known</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="accumulate">accumulate</span> <span word="steadily">steadily</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> "<span word="molecular">molecular</span> <span word="clock">clock</span>," <span word="to">to</span> <span word="estimate">estimate</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="cancer">cancer</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="arose">arose</span> 11,000 <span word="years">years</span> <span word="ago">ago</span>.</p><p>"<span word="The">The</span> <span word="genome">genome</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="remarkable">remarkable</span> <span word="long">long</span>-<span word="lived">lived</span> <span word="cancer">cancer</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="demonstrated">demonstrated</span> <span word="that">that</span>, <span word="given">given</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="right">right</span> <span word="conditions">conditions</span>, <span word="cancers">cancers</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="continue">continue</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="survive">survive</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="than">than</span> 10,000 <span word="years">years</span> <span word="despite">despite</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="accumulation">accumulation</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="millions">millions</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="mutations">mutations</span>," <span word="says">says</span> <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Elizabeth">Elizabeth</span> <span word="Murchison">Murchison</span>, <span word="first">first</span> <span word="author">author</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Wellcome">Wellcome</span> <span word="Trust">Trust</span> <span word="Sanger">Sanger</span> <span word="Institute">Institute</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="University">University</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Cambridge">Cambridge</span>.</p><p><span word="The">The</span> <span word="genome">genome</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="transmissible">transmissible</span> <span word="dog">dog</span> <span word="cancer">cancer</span> <span word="still">still</span> <span word="harbors">harbors</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="genetic">genetic</span> <span word="variants">variants</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="individual">individual</span> <span word="dog">dog</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="gave">gave</span> <span word="rise">rise</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="cancer">cancer</span> 11,000 <span word="years">years</span> <span word="ago">ago</span>. <span word="Analysis">Analysis</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="genetic">genetic</span> <span word="variants">variants</span> <span word="revealed">revealed</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="dog">dog</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="resembled">resembled</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="Alaskan">Alaskan</span> <span word="Malamute">Malamute</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="Husky">Husky</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="probably">probably</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="short">short</span>, <span word="straight">straight</span> <span word="coat">coat</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="colored">colored</span> <span word="either">either</span> <span word="grey">grey</span>/<span word="brown">brown</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="black">black</span>. <span word="Its">Its</span> <span word="genetic">genetic</span> <span word="sequence">sequence</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="determine">determine</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="dog">dog</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="male">male</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="female">female</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="indicate">indicate</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="relatively">relatively</span> <span word="inbred">inbred</span> <span word="individual">individual</span>.</p>
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