哪国孩子最聪明？中国上海登榜首
<p><span word="There">There</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="simple">simple</span> <span word="answer">answer</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="constitutes">constitutes</span> '<span word="smart">smart</span>'. <span word="These">These</span> <span word="days">days</span>, <span word="we">we</span>'<span word="re">re</span> <span word="inclined">inclined</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="think">think</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="can">can</span>'<span word="t">t</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="intelligence">intelligence</span> <span word="quotient">quotient</span> (<span word="IQ">IQ</span>) <span word="results">results</span> <span word="alone">alone</span>, <span word="because">because</span> <span word="while">while</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="tests">tests</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="great">great</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="measuring">measuring</span> <span word="separate">separate</span> <span word="mental">mental</span> <span word="faculties">faculties</span>, <span word="an">an</span> <span word="IQ">IQ</span> <span word="number">number</span> <span word="doesn">doesn</span>'<span word="t">t</span> <span word="seem">seem</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="predict">predict</span> <span word="overall">overall</span> <span word="intelligence">intelligence</span> <span word="accurately">accurately</span> <span word="enough">enough</span>.</p><p>“聪明”的组成要素是什么？该问题没有简单的答案。如今，我们倾向于认为不能单一靠智商测试结果来判断，因为这些测验只适用于测试独立的心智能力，<span word="IQ">IQ</span>值目测无法精确地预测整体智力。</p><p><span word="Then">Then</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="measurement">measurement</span> <span word="called">called</span> <span word="general">general</span> <span word="intelligence">intelligence</span> <span word="or">or</span> '<span word="g">g</span> <span word="factor">factor</span>'. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="described">described</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="English">English</span> <span word="psychologist">psychologist</span> <span word="Charles">Charles</span> <span word="Spearman">Spearman</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1904, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="refers">refers</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="phenomenon">phenomenon</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="children">children</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="tend">tend</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="subject">subject</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="tend">tend</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="excel">excel</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="others">others</span>; <span word="in">in</span> <span word="simple">simple</span> <span word="terms">terms</span>, <span word="there">there</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="positive">positive</span> <span word="correlation">correlation</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="kids">kids</span>' <span word="performance">performance</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="unrelated">unrelated</span> <span word="school">school</span> <span word="tests">tests</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="referred">referred</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> '<span word="positive">positive</span> <span word="manifold">manifold</span>'.</p><p>有种测量方法叫作“一般智力（<span word="general">general</span> <span word="intelligence">intelligence</span>）”或称“<span word="g">g</span>因素”。其最先由英国心理学家查尔斯·斯皮尔曼在1904年提出——指的是在一个学科上表现很好的儿童在其它科目上也可以超过其他人；简而言之，在无关联的各种学校测验中，孩子们在这些测试中的表现是相互联系的，被看成是一种“正极相关”（<span word="positive">positive</span> <span word="manifold">manifold</span>'）。</p><p><span word="Another">Another</span> <span word="commonly">commonly</span> <span word="cited">cited</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="prestigious">prestigious</span> <span word="comparison">comparison</span> <span word="system">system</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="PISA">PISA</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="measures">measures</span> "<span word="the">the</span> <span word="competencies">competencies</span> <span word="of">of</span> 15-<span word="year">year</span>-<span word="olds">olds</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="reading">reading</span>, <span word="mathematics">mathematics</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="science">science</span> (<span word="with">with</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="focus">focus</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="mathematics">mathematics</span>) <span word="in">in</span> 65 <span word="countries">countries</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="economies">economies</span>", <span word="representing">representing</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="than">than</span> 80 <span word="percent">percent</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="world">world</span> <span word="economy">economy</span>.</p>
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