罗素三原则 诺贝尔文学奖得主教你写英语作文
<p>历届诺贝尔文学奖得主中，伯特兰·罗素或许是最多才多艺的一位。他不仅在写作上有相当高的造诣，还是著名的哲学家、数学家和社会活动家。他的著作包括《西方哲学史》（<span word="A">A</span> <span word="History">History</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Western">Western</span> <span word="Philosophy">Philosophy</span> ）、《中国问题》（<span word="The">The</span> <span word="Problem">Problem</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="China">China</span>）等。</p><p>在《我如何写作》（<span word="How">How</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="Write">Write</span>）一文中，罗素对议论文作者提出了三个建议。它们不仅是英语作家们的金科玉律，同样也适用于参加托福、雅思、<span word="GRE">GRE</span>考试的英语学习者。</p><p>1.<span word="Never">Never</span> <span word="use">use</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="long">long</span> <span word="word">word</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="short">short</span> <span word="word">word</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="do">do</span>.</p><p>1.能用短词就不要用长词。</p><p>2.<span word="If">If</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="want">want</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="statement">statement</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="great">great</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="qualifications">qualifications</span>, <span word="put">put</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="qualifications">qualifications</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="separate">separate</span> <span word="sentences">sentences</span>.</p><p>2.如果想在一句话里加入许多修饰语，请把它们分散到若干个句子中去。</p><p>3.<span word="Do">Do</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="let">let</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="beginning">beginning</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="sentence">sentence</span> <span word="lead">lead</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="reader">reader</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="expectation">expectation</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="contradicted">contradicted</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="end">end</span>.</p><p>3.不要在句子开头给读者某种期待，却在句末表达相反的意思。</p><p>罗素举了一个例子：</p><p><span word="Human">Human</span> <span word="beings">beings</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="completely">completely</span> <span word="exempt">exempt</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="undesirable">undesirable</span> <span word="behaviour">behaviour</span>-<span word="patterns">patterns</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="certain">certain</span> <span word="prerequisites">prerequisites</span>, <span word="not">not</span> <span word="satisfied">satisfied</span> <span word="except">except</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="small">small</span> <span word="percentage">percentage</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="actual">actual</span> <span word="cases">cases</span>, <span word="have">have</span>, <span word="through">through</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="fortuitous">fortuitous</span> <span word="concourse">concourse</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="favourable">favourable</span> <span word="circumstances">circumstances</span>, <span word="whether">whether</span> <span word="congenital">congenital</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="environmental">environmental</span>, <span word="chanced">chanced</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="combine">combine</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="producing">producing</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="individual">individual</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="whom">whom</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="factors">factors</span> <span word="deviate">deviate</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="norm">norm</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="socially">socially</span> <span word="advantageous">advantageous</span> <span word="manner">manner</span>.</p>
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