棉花糖实验 小孩儿自控的秘诀
<p><span word="The">The</span> <span word="marshmallow">marshmallow</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="white">white</span>, <span word="cottony">cottony</span>, <span word="sweet">sweet</span> <span word="confection">confection</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="synonymous">synonymous</span> <span word="with">with</span> “<span word="temptation">temptation</span>” <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="US">US</span>. <span word="This">This</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="began">began</span> 50 <span word="years">years</span> <span word="ago">ago</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="psychologist">psychologist</span> <span word="Walter">Walter</span> <span word="Mischel">Mischel</span> <span word="sat">sat</span> 5-<span word="year">year</span>-<span word="old">old</span> <span word="children">children</span> <span word="down">down</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="table">table</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="gave">gave</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="simple">simple</span> <span word="choice">choice</span>: <span word="they">they</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="eat">eat</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="marshmallow">marshmallow</span> <span word="now">now</span> <span word="or">or</span>, <span word="if">if</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="wait">wait</span>, <span word="receive">receive</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="marshmallows">marshmallows</span> <span word="later">later</span>.</p><p>棉花糖——这种白色、松软的甜食——在美国却是“诱惑”的同义词。这一切源于50年前心理学家沃尔特•米歇尔的一个实验，他让一些5岁小孩子做出选择：是立刻吃掉一块棉花糖，还是等一会儿，然后得到两块棉花糖。</p><p><span word="Mischel">Mischel</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="colleagues">colleagues</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="Stanford">Stanford</span> <span word="wanted">wanted</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="understand">understand</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="nature">nature</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="self">self</span>-<span word="control">control</span>. <span word="If">If</span> <span word="children">children</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="refrain">refrain</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="eating">eating</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="marshmallow">marshmallow</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="set">set</span> <span word="period">period</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="time">time</span>, <span word="they">they</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="told">told</span> <span word="they">they</span>’<span word="d">d</span> <span word="receive">receive</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="reward">reward</span>. <span word="If">If</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="couldn">couldn</span>’<span word="t">t</span> <span word="resist">resist</span> <span word="temptation">temptation</span>, <span word="they">they</span> <span word="wouldn">wouldn</span>’<span word="t">t</span> <span word="get">get</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="second">second</span> <span word="treat">treat</span>.</p><p>米歇尔和自己斯坦福的同事这么做，只为了解自控的本质。如果孩子们能够忍一会儿不吃第一个棉花糖，那么他们就能额外得到一个棉花糖作为奖励。如果他们不能抵御诱惑，则不会获得奖励。</p><p><span word="The">The</span> <span word="Marshmallow">Marshmallow</span> <span word="Test">Test</span> <span word="became">became</span> <span word="famous">famous</span> <span word="due">due</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="remarkable">remarkable</span> <span word="discovery">discovery</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="years">years</span> <span word="later">later</span>. <span word="Those">Those</span> <span word="children">children</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="able">able</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="resist">resist</span> <span word="temptation">temptation</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="reward">reward</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="marshmallows">marshmallows</span> <span word="grew">grew</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="adults">adults</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="successful">successful</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="school">school</span>, <span word="work">work</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="relationships">relationships</span>. <span word="They">They</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="thinner">thinner</span>, <span word="calmer">calmer</span>, <span word="more">more</span> <span word="sociable">sociable</span>, <span word="better">better</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="managing">managing</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="money">money</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="less">less</span> <span word="likely">likely</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="addicted">addicted</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="any">any</span> <span word="substances">substances</span>.</p>
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