海外文化:文化塑造了我们的感官
<p><span word="FLORENCE">FLORENCE</span>, <span word="Italy">Italy</span> — <span word="WE">WE</span> <span word="think">think</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="senses">senses</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="hard">hard</span>-<span word="wired">wired</span> <span word="gateways">gateways</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="world">world</span>. <span word="Many">Many</span> <span word="years">years</span> <span word="ago">ago</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="social">social</span> <span word="psychologist">psychologist</span> <span word="Daryl">Daryl</span> <span word="J">J</span>. <span word="Bem">Bem</span> <span word="described">described</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="knowledge">knowledge</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="gain">gain</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="senses">senses</span> <span word="as">as</span> "<span word="zero">zero</span>-<span word="order">order</span> <span word="beliefs">beliefs</span>," <span word="so">so</span> <span word="taken">taken</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="granted">granted</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="notice">notice</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="beliefs">beliefs</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="sky">sky</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="blue">blue</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="fan">fan</span> <span word="hums">hums</span>. <span word="Ice">Ice</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="cold">cold</span>. <span word="That">That</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="nature">nature</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="reality">reality</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="seems">seems</span> <span word="peculiar">peculiar</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="different">different</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="senses">senses</span> <span word="intact">intact</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="experience">experience</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="subjectively">subjectively</span>.</p><p>意大利佛罗伦萨——我们把自己的感官想成是通往世界的既定大门。很多年前，社会心理学家达里尔·<span word="J">J</span>·贝姆(<span word="Daryl">Daryl</span> <span word="J">J</span>. <span word="Bem">Bem</span>)把我们通过感官获取的认知描述成“零级信念”。它们被如此强烈地视为理所当然，以至于根本没有被我们留意到，这其实是一种信念。天空是蓝色的，风扇会发出嗡嗡声，冰是冷的。这是现实世界的本质，而感官完好的不同族群会对此有主观体验的想法，似乎有些奇怪。</p><p><span word="Yet">Yet</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="do">do</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="recent">recent</span> <span word="years">years</span> <span word="anthropologists">anthropologists</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="begun">begun</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="point">point</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="sensory">sensory</span> <span word="perception">perception</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="culturally">culturally</span> <span word="specific">specific</span>. "<span word="Sensory">Sensory</span> <span word="perception">perception</span>," <span word="Constance">Constance</span> <span word="Classen">Classen</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="author">author</span> <span word="of">of</span> "<span word="The">The</span> <span word="Deepest">Deepest</span> <span word="Sense">Sense</span>: <span word="A">A</span> <span word="Cultural">Cultural</span> <span word="History">History</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Touch">Touch</span>," <span word="says">says</span>, "<span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="cultural">cultural</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="physical">physical</span> <span word="act">act</span>." <span word="It">It</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="controversial">controversial</span> <span word="claim">claim</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="famous">famous</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Marshall">Marshall</span> <span word="McLuhan">McLuhan</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="insistence">insistence</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="nonliterate">nonliterate</span> <span word="societies">societies</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="governed">governed</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="spoken">spoken</span> <span word="words">words</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="sound">sound</span>, <span word="while">while</span> <span word="literate">literate</span> <span word="societies">societies</span> <span word="experienced">experienced</span> <span word="words">words</span> <span word="visually">visually</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="dominated">dominated</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="sight">sight</span>. <span word="Few">Few</span> <span word="anthropologists">anthropologists</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="accept">accept</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="straightforwardly">straightforwardly</span> <span word="today">today</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="willing">willing</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="argue">argue</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="sensory">sensory</span> <span word="perception">perception</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="cultural">cultural</span> <span word="training">training</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="attention">attention</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="biological">biological</span> <span word="capacity">capacity</span>.</p>
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