研究：过度努力或将影响语言学习效果
<p><span word="Neuroscientists">Neuroscientists</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="long">long</span> <span word="observed">observed</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="learning">learning</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="language">language</span> <span word="presents">presents</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="different">different</span> <span word="set">set</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="opportunities">opportunities</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="challenges">challenges</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="adults">adults</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="children">children</span>.</p><p><span word="Adults">Adults</span> <span word="easily">easily</span> <span word="grasp">grasp</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="vocabulary">vocabulary</span> <span word="needed">needed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="navigate">navigate</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="grocery">grocery</span> <span word="store">store</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="order">order</span> <span word="food">food</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="restaurant">restaurant</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="children">children</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="innate">innate</span> <span word="ability">ability</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="pick">pick</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="subtle">subtle</span> <span word="nuances">nuances</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="language">language</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="often">often</span> <span word="elude">elude</span> <span word="adults">adults</span>.</p><p><span word="For">For</span> <span word="example">example</span>, <span word="within">within</span> <span word="months">months</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="living">living</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="foreign">foreign</span> <span word="country">country</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="young">young</span> <span word="child">child</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="speak">speak</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="second">second</span> <span word="language">language</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="native">native</span> <span word="speaker">speaker</span>.</p><p><span word="Experts">Experts</span> <span word="believe">believe</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="brain">brain</span> <span word="structure">structure</span> <span word="plays">plays</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="important">important</span> <span word="role">role</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="this">this</span> “<span word="sensitive">sensitive</span> <span word="period">period</span>” <span word="for">for</span> <span word="learning">learning</span> <span word="language">language</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="believed">believed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="end">end</span> <span word="around">around</span> <span word="adolescence">adolescence</span>.</p><p><span word="The">The</span> <span word="young">young</span> <span word="brain">brain</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="equipped">equipped</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="neural">neural</span> <span word="circuits">circuits</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="analyze">analyze</span> <span word="sounds">sounds</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="build">build</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="coherent">coherent</span> <span word="set">set</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="rules">rules</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="constructing">constructing</span> <span word="words">words</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="sentences">sentences</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="those">those</span> <span word="sounds">sounds</span>.</p><p><span word="Once">Once</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="language">language</span> <span word="structures">structures</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="established">established</span>, <span word="it">it</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="difficult">difficult</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="build">build</span> <span word="another">another</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="language">language</span>.</p><p><span word="In">In</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="study">study</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="team">team</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="neuroscientists">neuroscientists</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="psychologists">psychologists</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</span> <span word="Institute">Institute</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Technology">Technology</span> (<span word="MIT">MIT</span>) <span word="discovered">discovered</span> <span word="another">another</span> <span word="factor">factor</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="contributes">contributes</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="adults">adults</span>’ <span word="language">language</span> <span word="difficulties">difficulties</span>: <span word="When">When</span> <span word="learning">learning</span> <span word="certain">certain</span> <span word="elements">elements</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="language">language</span>, <span word="adults">adults</span>’ <span word="more">more</span> <span word="highly">highly</span> <span word="developed">developed</span> <span word="cognitive">cognitive</span> <span word="skills">skills</span> <span word="actually">actually</span> <span word="get">get</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="way">way</span>.</p><p><span word="The">The</span> <span word="researchers">researchers</span> <span word="discovered">discovered</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="harder">harder</span> <span word="adults">adults</span> <span word="tried">tried</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="learn">learn</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="artificial">artificial</span> <span word="language">language</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="worse">worse</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="deciphering">deciphering</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="language">language</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="morphology">morphology</span> —<span word="the">the</span> <span word="structure">structure</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="deployment">deployment</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="linguistic">linguistic</span> <span word="units">units</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="root">root</span> <span word="words">words</span>, <span word="suffixes">suffixes</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="prefixes">prefixes</span>.</p>
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