《纸牌屋》中的中国新形象
<p><span word="When">When</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="history">history</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="America">America</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="onscreen">onscreen</span> <span word="visions">visions</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="China">China</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="written">written</span>, <span word="from">from</span> <span word="Charlie">Charlie</span> <span word="Chan">Chan</span> <span word="to">to</span> “<span word="House">House</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Cards">Cards</span>,” <span word="it">it</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="turning">turning</span> <span word="point">point</span> <span word="came">came</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="film">film</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="almost">almost</span> <span word="nothing">nothing</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="China">China</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="all">all</span>. <span word="Instead">Instead</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Middle">Middle</span> <span word="East">East</span>.</p><p><span word="Representations">Representations</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="China">China</span> <span word="began">began</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="appear">appear</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="American">American</span> <span word="movie">movie</span> <span word="screen">screen</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="nineteen">nineteen</span>-<span word="twenties">twenties</span>. <span word="Back">Back</span> <span word="then">then</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="country">country</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="generally">generally</span> <span word="cast">cast</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="role">role</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="beguiling">beguiling</span>, <span word="reflective">reflective</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="fundamentally">fundamentally</span> <span word="dangerous">dangerous</span> <span word="counterpart">counterpart</span>. <span word="In">In</span> “<span word="The">The</span> <span word="Bitter">Bitter</span> <span word="Tea">Tea</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="General">General</span> <span word="Yen">Yen</span>” (1933), <span word="a">a</span> <span word="warlord">warlord</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="casually">casually</span> <span word="orders">orders</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="execution">execution</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="captives">captives</span>, <span word="then">then</span> <span word="justifies">justifies</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="comely">comely</span> <span word="American">American</span> <span word="guest">guest</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="humane">humane</span> <span word="solution">solution</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="letting">letting</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="die">die</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="starvation">starvation</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="prison">prison</span>. <span word="Consistent">Consistent</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="clich">clich</span>é<span word="s">s</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="day">day</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="general">general</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="lascivious">lascivious</span> <span word="streak">streak</span>—<span word="he">he</span> <span word="foists">foists</span> “<span word="sing">sing</span>-<span word="song">song</span>” <span word="girls">girls</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="American">American</span> <span word="missionary">missionary</span>—<span word="but">but</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="remains">remains</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="man">man</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="depths">depths</span>; <span word="he">he</span> <span word="sweetly">sweetly</span> <span word="recites">recites</span> <span word="love">love</span> <span word="poems">poems</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="waxes">waxes</span> <span word="philosophical">philosophical</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="heroine">heroine</span>.</p><p><span word="To">To</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="viewer">viewer</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="knowledge">knowledge</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="China">China</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="country">country</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="then">then</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="state">state</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="upheaval">upheaval</span>, <span word="seemed">seemed</span> <span word="intrinsically">intrinsically</span> <span word="menacing">menacing</span>. “<span word="No">No</span> <span word="attempt">attempt</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="understand">understand</span> <span word="why">why</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="wars">wars</span> <span word="occurred">occurred</span>, <span word="nor">nor</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="role">role</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="imperialism">imperialism</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="precipitating">precipitating</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="crisis">crisis</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="led">led</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="downfall">downfall</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Manchu">Manchu</span> <span word="dynasty">dynasty</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="ensuing">ensuing</span> <span word="anarchy">anarchy</span>,” <span word="Richard">Richard</span> <span word="Oehling">Oehling</span>, <span word="who">who</span> <span word="writes">writes</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="film">film</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="history">history</span>, <span word="observed">observed</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="essay">essay</span>. <span word="Worse">Worse</span>, <span word="he">he</span> <span word="noticed">noticed</span>, <span word="many">many</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="films">films</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="subject">subject</span> “<span word="suggest">suggest</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="imply">imply</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="alien">alien</span> <span word="civilization">civilization</span>.”</p><p><span word="After">After</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="brief">brief</span> <span word="interlude">interlude</span> <span word="around">around</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Second">Second</span> <span word="World">World</span> <span word="War">War</span>, <span word="when">when</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="role">role</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="villain">villain</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="assigned">assigned</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="Japanese">Japanese</span> <span word="characters">characters</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="American">American</span> <span word="renderings">renderings</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Asia">Asia</span> <span word="drifted">drifted</span> <span word="back">back</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="China">China</span>, <span word="without">without</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="sophistication">sophistication</span> <span word="acquired">acquired</span> <span word="along">along</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="way">way</span>. <span word="There">There</span> <span word="was">was</span> “<span word="The">The</span> <span word="Manchurian">Manchurian</span> <span word="Candidate">Candidate</span>” (<span word="brainwashers">brainwashers</span>); <span word="Wo">Wo</span> <span word="Fat">Fat</span>, <span word="of">of</span> “<span word="Hawaii">Hawaii</span> <span word="Five">Five</span>-<span word="O">O</span>” (<span word="general">general</span> <span word="turned">turned</span> <span word="super">super</span>-<span word="criminal">criminal</span>); <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Julius">Julius</span> <span word="No">No</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="James">James</span> <span word="Bond">Bond</span>’<span word="s">s</span> “<span word="Dr">Dr</span>. <span word="No">No</span>” (<span word="the">the</span> “<span word="unwanted">unwanted</span> <span word="child">child</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="German">German</span> <span word="missionary">missionary</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="Chinese">Chinese</span> <span word="girl">girl</span>” <span word="who">who</span> <span word="eventually">eventually</span> <span word="meets">meets</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="end">end</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="buried">buried</span> <span word="under">under</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="giant">giant</span> <span word="pile">pile</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="guano">guano</span>). <span word="Rarely">Rarely</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="actors">actors</span> <span word="any">any</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="genuinely">genuinely</span> <span word="Chinese">Chinese</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="characters">characters</span>. <span word="Charlie">Charlie</span> <span word="Chan">Chan</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="played">played</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Warner">Warner</span> <span word="Oland">Oland</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="Swede">Swede</span>. <span word="Wo">Wo</span> <span word="Fat">Fat</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="portrayed">portrayed</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Khigh">Khigh</span> <span word="Dhiegh">Dhiegh</span>, <span word="who">who</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="mix">mix</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="American">American</span>, <span word="Egyptian">Egyptian</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Sudanese">Sudanese</span>.</p>
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