伪心理学:从星座到手掌
<p><span word="Psychology">Psychology</span>: <span word="Pseudo">Pseudo</span>-<span word="Psychologies">Psychologies</span> - <span word="From">From</span> <span word="Planets">Planets</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="Palms">Palms</span></p><p>伪心理学：从星座到手掌</p><p><span word="Pseudo">Pseudo</span>-<span word="psychologies">psychologies</span> ("<span word="pseudo">pseudo</span>-" <span word="means">means</span> <span word="false">false</span>) <span word="are">are</span> <span word="dubious">dubious</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="unfounded">unfounded</span> <span word="systems">systems</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="predicting">predicting</span> <span word="behavior">behavior</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="superficially">superficially</span> <span word="resemble">resemble</span> <span word="psychology">psychology</span>. <span word="What">What</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="pseudo">pseudo</span>-<span word="psychologies">psychologies</span>? <span word="Why">Why</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="accept">accept</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="valid">valid</span>?</p><p>伪心理学表面看上去像是心理学，但它预测人类行为的机制既靠不住又没有事实依据。伪心理学有哪些经典案例？为什么人们会相信它们是真的？</p><p><span word="Probably">Probably</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="popular">popular</span> <span word="pseudo">pseudo</span>-<span word="psychology">psychology</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="astrology">astrology</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="based">based</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="assumption">assumption</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="position">position</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="planets">planets</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="stars">stars</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="person">person</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="birth">birth</span> <span word="determines">determines</span> <span word="personality">personality</span> <span word="characteristics">characteristics</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="affects">affects</span> <span word="behavior">behavior</span>. <span word="Palmistry">Palmistry</span>, <span word="another">another</span> <span word="pseudo">pseudo</span>-<span word="psychology">psychology</span>, <span word="claims">claims</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="lines">lines</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="hand">hand</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="indicators">indicators</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="personality">personality</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="person">person</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="future">future</span>.</p><p>最著名的伪心理学大概是占星术（星座论）。占星术的理论基础建立在这样一个假设上：一个人出生时行星的位置决定了这个人的性格并且会影响他/她的行为。手相是另一种伪心理学，声称手上的线条昭示了这个人的性格和未来运势。</p><p><span word="Graphology">Graphology</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="third">third</span> <span word="pseudo">pseudo</span>-<span word="psychology">psychology</span>, <span word="indicates">indicates</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="personality">personality</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="revealed">revealed</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="person">person</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="handwriting">handwriting</span>. <span word="Although">Although</span> <span word="graphology">graphology</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="moderately">moderately</span> <span word="popular">popular</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="United">United</span> <span word="States">States</span>, <span word="some">some</span> <span word="companies">companies</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="country">country</span> <span word="use">use</span> <span word="handwriting">handwriting</span> <span word="analysis">analysis</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="evaluate">evaluate</span> <span word="job">job</span> <span word="applicants">applicants</span>. <span word="Even">Even</span> <span word="though">though</span> <span word="graphology">graphology</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="definitely">definitely</span> <span word="valuable">valuable</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="detecting">detecting</span> <span word="forgeries">forgeries</span>, <span word="careful">careful</span> <span word="test">test</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="accuracy">accuracy</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="psychological">psychological</span> <span word="studies">studies</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="shown">shown</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="graphologists">graphologists</span> <span word="score">score</span> <span word="close">close</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="zero">zero</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="rating">rating</span> <span word="personality">personality</span>.</p>
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