成功关键 智商还是性格?
<p><span word="We">We</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="living">living</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="particularly">particularly</span> <span word="anxious">anxious</span> <span word="moment">moment</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="history">history</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="American">American</span> <span word="parenting">parenting</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="nation">nation</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="big">big</span> <span word="cities">cities</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="days">days</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="competition">competition</span> <span word="among">among</span> <span word="affluent">affluent</span> <span word="parents">parents</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="slots">slots</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="favored">favored</span> <span word="preschools">preschools</span> <span word="verges">verges</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="gladiatorial">gladiatorial</span>. <span word="A">A</span> <span word="pair">pair</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="economists">economists</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="University">University</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="California">California</span> <span word="recently">recently</span> <span word="dubbed">dubbed</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="contest">contest</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="early">early</span> <span word="academic">academic</span> <span word="achievement">achievement</span> <span word="the">the</span> '<span word="Rug">Rug</span> <span word="Rat">Rat</span> <span word="Race">Race</span>,' <span word="and">and</span> <span word="each">each</span> <span word="year">year</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="race">race</span> <span word="seems">seems</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="starting">starting</span> <span word="earlier">earlier</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="growing">growing</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="intense">intense</span>.</p><p>在培养孩子的问题上，美国的家长们正在经历一个分外焦虑的时期。现如今，在这个国家的各大城市，生活富足的家长之间争抢心仪幼儿园学位的竞争几乎到了角斗般的地步。最近，加州大学(<span word="University">University</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="California">California</span>)的两名经济学家把这种在早期学业成就方面的竞争称作“幼儿竞争”(<span word="Rug">Rug</span> <span word="Rat">Rat</span> <span word="Race">Race</span>)。每一年，这种竞争似乎都比前一年开始得更早，程度也越来越激烈。</p><p><span word="At">At</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="root">root</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="parental">parental</span> <span word="anxiety">anxiety</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="idea">idea</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="might">might</span> <span word="call">call</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="cognitive">cognitive</span> <span word="hypothesis">hypothesis</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="belief">belief</span>, <span word="rarely">rarely</span> <span word="spoken">spoken</span> <span word="aloud">aloud</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="commonly">commonly</span> <span word="held">held</span> <span word="nonetheless">nonetheless</span>, <span word="that">that</span> <span word="success">success</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="U">U</span>.<span word="S">S</span>. <span word="today">today</span> <span word="depends">depends</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="anything">anything</span> <span word="else">else</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="cognitive">cognitive</span> <span word="skill">skill</span> - <span word="the">the</span> <span word="kind">kind</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="intelligence">intelligence</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="gets">gets</span> <span word="measured">measured</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="IQ">IQ</span> <span word="tests">tests</span> - <span word="and">and</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="best">best</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="develop">develop</span> <span word="those">those</span> <span word="skills">skills</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="practice">practice</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="possible">possible</span>, <span word="beginning">beginning</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="early">early</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="possible">possible</span>.</p><p>家长的这种焦虑从根本上说源自所谓的认知假设这一观念。它鲜少被人宣扬，却是一个人们普遍持有的观念，那就是：如今要在美国获得成功，最重要的是取决于认知技能（即智商测试所测验的那种智力），而培养这些技能的最佳方式就是尽可能地多练习、尽可能早地开始练习。</p>
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